Determinantes socioeconómicos de las transiciones entre niveles educativos: un enfoque sobre género y ruralidad en el Perú
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2011
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía
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Una mirada al progreso escolar resulta relevante en la medida que nos permite evaluar en un horizonte amplio de niveles educativos si un alumno ¿logra alcanzar el siguiente nivel educativo?, ¿repite? o ¿deserta? El objetivo del presente documento consiste en determinar los factores asociados a estos resultados en el caso peruano. Nuestra metodología consiste en la estimación de modelos probit y multinomial. Cabe destacar que estos modelos brindan resultados muy similares en aquellos resultados que son comparables. Dentro de los distintos factores asociados al progreso escolar, resalta el trabajo infantil/adolescente, pues este es constantemente una situación de desventaja entre quienes buscan permanecer en el sistema escolar a lo largo de los distintos niveles educativos. Se ha analizado particularmente el área rural y dentro de esta, el tema de género. En el área rural, la transición de primaria a secundaria aparece claramente como un punto de quiebre, pues la proporción de individuos que progresa disminuye considerablemente en esta transición. Especialmente interesante es lo que ocurre con las mujeres rurales. Se encuentra que si bien tienen menores probabilidades de repetir que los varones en las transiciones de primaria, tienen mayores probabilidades de desertar en la transición de primaria a secundaria, lo cual puede resultar más perjudicial para su proceso de adquisición de educación en el largo plazo. La realización de quehaceres del hogar es uno de los factores que más afectan la deserción de las mujeres rurales en la transición de primaria a secundaria. Asimismo, cabe destacar que el atraso escolar (contar con una mayor edad) afecta más a las mujeres que a los varones. Finalmente, el embarazo adolescente perjudica considerablemente el progreso escolar de las jóvenes para las demás transiciones de secundaria.Si bien no pretendemos que estos resultados sean concluyentes, sí creemos que contribuyen a profundizar el conocimiento de la dinámica del progreso escolar en el Perú.
An approach to progress through school is relevant since it allows us to analyze a broad range of educational levels, if a student is able to progress to the next grade, if he or she repeats the grade, or if he or she drops out of school. Our aim is to determine which are the factors associated with these educational results in Peru, where access and continuance in school is still a worrying matter. Our methodology comprises the estimation of both probity and multinomial models. It is important to mention that both models provide very similar results among those results which are comparable. Among the different factors, adolescent and child labor stands out as a constant disadvantage for individuals seeking to stay in the educational system. This result is maintained throughout the educational levels. The study focused particularly on rural areas of Peru and within this area on gender inequality. In rural areas of Peru, educational transition from primary to secondary school is clearly a breaking point because the proportion of individuals who progress in this transition is significantly lower than in other transitions. The situation of rural women is very interesting. We find that although they have lower repetition probabilities during primary school, they have greater dropout probabilities in the primary-secondary transition, which can turn out to be more detrimental for their long-term education acquisition. Doing chores is one of the factors that more significantly affects rural women’s dropout rate in the primary-secondary transition. Also, being behind in school (being older than one’s classmates) has a greater negative effect on women than on men. Finally, adolescent pregnancy prevents women’s progress to a large extent during secondary school. Although we do not consider our results as conclusive, we do believe that they contribute to deepen the knowledge about the dynamic of progress through school in Peru.
An approach to progress through school is relevant since it allows us to analyze a broad range of educational levels, if a student is able to progress to the next grade, if he or she repeats the grade, or if he or she drops out of school. Our aim is to determine which are the factors associated with these educational results in Peru, where access and continuance in school is still a worrying matter. Our methodology comprises the estimation of both probity and multinomial models. It is important to mention that both models provide very similar results among those results which are comparable. Among the different factors, adolescent and child labor stands out as a constant disadvantage for individuals seeking to stay in the educational system. This result is maintained throughout the educational levels. The study focused particularly on rural areas of Peru and within this area on gender inequality. In rural areas of Peru, educational transition from primary to secondary school is clearly a breaking point because the proportion of individuals who progress in this transition is significantly lower than in other transitions. The situation of rural women is very interesting. We find that although they have lower repetition probabilities during primary school, they have greater dropout probabilities in the primary-secondary transition, which can turn out to be more detrimental for their long-term education acquisition. Doing chores is one of the factors that more significantly affects rural women’s dropout rate in the primary-secondary transition. Also, being behind in school (being older than one’s classmates) has a greater negative effect on women than on men. Finally, adolescent pregnancy prevents women’s progress to a large extent during secondary school. Although we do not consider our results as conclusive, we do believe that they contribute to deepen the knowledge about the dynamic of progress through school in Peru.
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Educación--Perú, Educación rural--Perú, Género
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