Modelo prolab: Ecoroof, una propuesta ecológica para techos de viviendas a base de plástico reciclado
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2024-03-20
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La Encuesta Nacional de Programas Presupuestales 2011-2021 desarrollada por el
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI, 2022) reveló que en Perú existe un
problema de déficit habitacional, tanto de carácter cuantitativo como cualitativo. Este
problema es de particular atención considerando que uno de los Ejes del Bicentenario del
Estado peruano es “Acortar las brechas de pobreza y desigualdad, con avances importantes en
infraestructura”. Sin embargo, a pesar de ello, al año 2021 el número de viviendas en Perú
con déficit cualitativo se incrementó al 8.9% a partir del 8.7% del año 2020 (INEI, 2022).
En este sentido una vivienda digna es aquella que cuenta con estándares mínimos de
habitabilidad (materialidad, servicios básicos y espacio habitable). El Mapa Climático del
Perú desarrollado por el Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Perú
(SENAMHI, 2021) indicó que el Perú posee 38 tipos de climas, entre los de mayor extensión
se tienen al árido y templado en la costa, lluvioso y frío en la sierra, por último, muy lluvioso
y cálido en la selva. Por esta razón, los pobladores de estas regiones deben contar con una
adecuada oferta de materiales para la construcción y desarrollo de los miembros de la familia
cumpliendo con los principios de vivienda adecuada por parte de la Organización de las
Naciones Unidas (ONU), además con las directrices de la Organización Mundial de la Salud
(OMS) sobre vivienda y salud. Sin embargo, la precariedad de las viviendas ha sido una
problemática nacional constante en las últimas décadas; y de acuerdo al INEI (2018) al año
2017 el 8.2% tenía materiales precarios en sus techos, 6.2% en sus paredes y un 31.8% con
piso de tierra. En este sentido, el problema está enmarcado en la falta de alternativas
económicas, de calidad y de fácil acceso para el techado de viviendas en el Nivel
Socioeconómico (NSE) D y E.
El presente trabajo de tesis explora la factibilidad, deseabilidad y viabilidad de un
producto alternativo para el techado de viviendas en las zonas rurales y urbanas de nuestro país. La solución propuesta al problema encontrado consiste en una Teja Andina a base de
plástico reciclado la cual destaca por ser ecológica y duradera con niveles de absorción al
impacto, atenuación acústica y conductividad térmica dentro del rango aceptado por el
Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones (RNE, 2021), para las condiciones climatológicas de
las zonas. El producto posee prestaciones técnicas superiores a las alternativas
convencionales presentes en el mercado manteniendo un precio competitivo. Este modelo de
negocio propone la venta a través de canales de distribución que aseguren la cobertura para la
población objetivo.
Asimismo, con una inversión inicial de S/ 1 millón este modelo de negocio generará
un Valor Actual Neto (VAN) de 5 millones de soles en un horizonte de cinco años. Por el
lado social, de acuerdo a las estimaciones del presente trabajo de tesis, se generará un
impacto positivo en quince mil familias, principalmente del NSE D y E y se promoverá la
concientización sobre la necesidad de relevancia medioambiental a través del reciclaje y la
aplicación de economía circular. Así, este modelo de negocio en cinco años generará un VAN
Social de S/4 millones teniendo impactos en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 11
y 12.
The National Survey of Budget Programs 2011-2021 developed by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI, 2022) disclosed that in Peru there is a problem of housing shortage, both quantitative and qualitative. This problem is of particular attention considering that one of the Axes of the Bicentennial of the Peruvian State had “Shorten the gaps of poverty and inequality, with important advances in infrastructure”. However, despite this, by 2021 the number of homes in Peru with a qualitative deficit increased to 8.9% from 8.7% in 2020 (INEI, 2022). In this sense, adequate housing is described as an individual household that has minimum standards of habitability (decent structure, basic facilities, and adequate living space). The Climate Map of Peru developed by National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru (SENAMHI, 2021) indicated that Peru has 38 types of climates, among the largest climates are arid and temperate on the coast, rainy and cold in the highlands and high rainfall and hot in the forest. For this reason, the inhabitants of these regions must have a suitable supply of construction materials for the development of family members, complying with the principles of adequate housing by the United Nations (UN) and also the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on housing and health. However, the precarious housing has been a recurrent national problem in recent decades; and according to the INEI (2018) in 2017, 8.2% of homes had precarious materials in their roofs, 6.2% in their walls and 31.8% dirt floor. The problem is framed due to the lack of economic, quality and easily accessible alternatives for the roofing of housing in the Socioeconomic Status (SES) D and E. The following thesis work explores the feasibility, desirability and viability of an alternative product for roofing housing in rural and urban areas of our country. The proposed solution to the described problem consists of an Andean tile based on recycled plastic which stands out for being eco-friendly, durable, with levels of impact absorption, acoustic attenuation and thermal conductivity within the threshold accepted by National Building Regulations (RNE, 2021), for the weather conditions of the Peruvian regions. The proposed product has superior technical features than the conventional alternatives available in the market, while maintaining a competitive price. This business model proposes sales through distribution channels that ensure coverage for the target population. Likewise, with an initial investment of 1 million this business model will generate a Net present value (NPV) of 5 million soles in a horizon of five years. On the social side, according to the estimates of this thesis work, a positive impact will be generated in one hundred two thousand families, mainly from the SES D and E. This business model will create awareness of the need for environmental relevance through recycling and the application of circular economy. Thus, this business model in five years will generate a NPV of S/ 4 million, having an impact on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 11 and 12.
The National Survey of Budget Programs 2011-2021 developed by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI, 2022) disclosed that in Peru there is a problem of housing shortage, both quantitative and qualitative. This problem is of particular attention considering that one of the Axes of the Bicentennial of the Peruvian State had “Shorten the gaps of poverty and inequality, with important advances in infrastructure”. However, despite this, by 2021 the number of homes in Peru with a qualitative deficit increased to 8.9% from 8.7% in 2020 (INEI, 2022). In this sense, adequate housing is described as an individual household that has minimum standards of habitability (decent structure, basic facilities, and adequate living space). The Climate Map of Peru developed by National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru (SENAMHI, 2021) indicated that Peru has 38 types of climates, among the largest climates are arid and temperate on the coast, rainy and cold in the highlands and high rainfall and hot in the forest. For this reason, the inhabitants of these regions must have a suitable supply of construction materials for the development of family members, complying with the principles of adequate housing by the United Nations (UN) and also the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on housing and health. However, the precarious housing has been a recurrent national problem in recent decades; and according to the INEI (2018) in 2017, 8.2% of homes had precarious materials in their roofs, 6.2% in their walls and 31.8% dirt floor. The problem is framed due to the lack of economic, quality and easily accessible alternatives for the roofing of housing in the Socioeconomic Status (SES) D and E. The following thesis work explores the feasibility, desirability and viability of an alternative product for roofing housing in rural and urban areas of our country. The proposed solution to the described problem consists of an Andean tile based on recycled plastic which stands out for being eco-friendly, durable, with levels of impact absorption, acoustic attenuation and thermal conductivity within the threshold accepted by National Building Regulations (RNE, 2021), for the weather conditions of the Peruvian regions. The proposed product has superior technical features than the conventional alternatives available in the market, while maintaining a competitive price. This business model proposes sales through distribution channels that ensure coverage for the target population. Likewise, with an initial investment of 1 million this business model will generate a Net present value (NPV) of 5 million soles in a horizon of five years. On the social side, according to the estimates of this thesis work, a positive impact will be generated in one hundred two thousand families, mainly from the SES D and E. This business model will create awareness of the need for environmental relevance through recycling and the application of circular economy. Thus, this business model in five years will generate a NPV of S/ 4 million, having an impact on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 11 and 12.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Plásticos--Reciclaje, Materiales de construcción, Construcción sostenible
Citación
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