Índice de transparencia corporativa aplicado en el sector construcción civil
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2020-02-07
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La presente investigación tiene como objetivo proponer un instrumento de medición
para determinar el grado de transparencia corporativa en una organización o sector. Bajo esta
premisa, la propuesta del Índice de Transparencia Corporativa fue elaborada mediante los
lineamientos de la metodología de la OCDE (Organización para la Cooperación y el
Desarrollo Económicos) para la construcción de indicadores compuestos.
La propuesta de Índice de Transparencia Corporativa se aborda desde la perspectiva
del modelo general de la comunicación, y es medida a través de cuatro dimensiones
conformadas por 16 factores y 34 variables. Las cuatro dimensiones son: (a) emisor, (b)
mensaje, (c) canales, y (d) receptor, donde las tres primeras dimensiones evalúan información
de naturaleza abierta obtenida de fuentes secundarias (páginas web y redes sociales), mientras
que la cuarta dimensión evalúa información de fuentes primarias a través de un cuestionario
desarrollado por representantes de las empresas en estudio.
Para la medición de la confiabilidad de los resultados basada en la consistencia interna
de las dimensiones: emisor, mensaje, y canal; se empleó el coeficiente de Kuder-Richardson
(KR20) obteniéndose un valor de 0.83. Para el análisis de la dimensión receptor se empleó el
programa estadístico SPSS a través del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, en el que se obtuvo un
valor de 0.91; con estos resultados se tiene la certeza de la idoneidad de los datos y que el
instrumento de medición es válido.
El Índice de Transparencia Corporativa elaborado fue aplicado al sector construcción
del Perú, la muestra está conformada por 21 empresas del sector construcción las cuales
integran el ranking de las 500 empresas más grandes del Perú a nivel de ventas. Como
resultado general el sector construcción obtiene 43.63 puntos de un total de 100, lo que
corresponde a un nivel bajo de transparencia corporativa; la dimensión con mayor puntaje fue
percepción con un resultado de 50.71 puntos de un total de 100, la cual se encuentra en el límite inferior de un nivel de transparencia medio. La dimensión con menor puntaje de
transparencia es emisor con 35.71 puntos correspondiente a un nivel de transparencia bajo.
A nivel empresa se observa que GYM (Graña y Montero) obtuvo el puntaje más alto
con 74.26 puntos de un total de 100, correspondiente a un nivel de transparencia alto.
Resultado explicado a través de la publicación de información en su página web, en la
Superintendencia de Mercado de Valores (SMV) y al nivel de interacción en redes sociales.
En el otro extremo, Quimera Holding Group obtiene un puntaje de 18.38 puntos de un total
de 100 correspondiente a un nivel muy bajo de transparencia.
The purpose of this research is to propose a measuring instrument to determine the degree of corporate transparency in an organization or sector. Under this premise, the proposal of the Corporate Transparency Index was developed through the guidelines of the OECD methodology (The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) for the construction of composite indicators. The Corporate Transparency Index proposal is approached from the perspective of the general communication model and is measured through four dimensions made up of 16 factors and 34 variables. The four dimensions are: (a) sender, (b) message, (c) channels, and (d) receiver, where the first three dimensions evaluate information of an open nature obtained from secondary sources (web pages and social networks), while the fourth dimension evaluates information from primary sources through a questionnaire developed by representatives of the companies under study. For measuring the reliability of the results based on the internal consistency of the dimensions: sender, message, and channel; The Kuder-Richardson coefficient (KR20) was used, obtaining a value of 0.83. For the analysis of the receiver dimension, the statistical program SPSS was used through Cronbach's alpha coefficient, in which a value of 0.91 was obtained; With these results we have the certainty of the suitability of the data and that the measuring instrument is valid. The Corporate Transparency Index prepared was applied to the construction sector in Peru, the sample is made up of 21 companies in the construction sector which make up the ranking of the 500 largest companies in Peru at the sales level. As a general result, the construction sector obtains 43.63 points out of a total of 100, which corresponds to a low level of corporate transparency; the dimension with the highest score was perception with a result of 50.71 points out of a total of 100, which is at the lower limit of a medium transparency level. The dimension with the lowest transparency score is emitter with 35.71 points corresponding to a low level of transparency. At company level it is observed that GYM (Graña y Montero) obtained the highest score with 74.26 points out of a total of 100, corresponding to a high level of transparency. Result explained through the publication of information on its website, in the Superintendence of Securities Market (SMV) and at the level of interaction in social networks. At the other extreme, Quimera Holding Group obtains a score of 18.38 points out of a total of 100 corresponding to a very low level of transparency.
The purpose of this research is to propose a measuring instrument to determine the degree of corporate transparency in an organization or sector. Under this premise, the proposal of the Corporate Transparency Index was developed through the guidelines of the OECD methodology (The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) for the construction of composite indicators. The Corporate Transparency Index proposal is approached from the perspective of the general communication model and is measured through four dimensions made up of 16 factors and 34 variables. The four dimensions are: (a) sender, (b) message, (c) channels, and (d) receiver, where the first three dimensions evaluate information of an open nature obtained from secondary sources (web pages and social networks), while the fourth dimension evaluates information from primary sources through a questionnaire developed by representatives of the companies under study. For measuring the reliability of the results based on the internal consistency of the dimensions: sender, message, and channel; The Kuder-Richardson coefficient (KR20) was used, obtaining a value of 0.83. For the analysis of the receiver dimension, the statistical program SPSS was used through Cronbach's alpha coefficient, in which a value of 0.91 was obtained; With these results we have the certainty of the suitability of the data and that the measuring instrument is valid. The Corporate Transparency Index prepared was applied to the construction sector in Peru, the sample is made up of 21 companies in the construction sector which make up the ranking of the 500 largest companies in Peru at the sales level. As a general result, the construction sector obtains 43.63 points out of a total of 100, which corresponds to a low level of corporate transparency; the dimension with the highest score was perception with a result of 50.71 points out of a total of 100, which is at the lower limit of a medium transparency level. The dimension with the lowest transparency score is emitter with 35.71 points corresponding to a low level of transparency. At company level it is observed that GYM (Graña y Montero) obtained the highest score with 74.26 points out of a total of 100, corresponding to a high level of transparency. Result explained through the publication of information on its website, in the Superintendence of Securities Market (SMV) and at the level of interaction in social networks. At the other extreme, Quimera Holding Group obtains a score of 18.38 points out of a total of 100 corresponding to a very low level of transparency.
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Transparencia corporativa--Perú, Sector construcción--Perú
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