Evaluación de la pérdida de suelo por salinización en la costa peruana – el caso de los distritos de San Antonio y Mala, departamento de Lima
Fecha
Autores
Quezada Zavala, Ximena
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
DOI
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
La salinización es un proceso de degradación del suelo que se ha ido agravando y expandiendo a lo largo de la costa del Perú. Este proceso de degradación es negativo para los habitantes de los distritos de San Antonio y Mala, departamento de Lima, ya que les impide realizar la agricultura tradicional a lo largo del año. Es justamente por ese motivo que en este trabajo se quiere comprender el proceso y la situación actual de la salinización en estos distritos, mediante la determinación de la expansión de la salinización durante los años 1976 y 2016, e identificar las causas de la evolución y expansión de esta misma en el distrito. La metodología empleada para este trabajo consistió en 3 etapas. La primera es el trabajo de campo, en donde se recogieron muestras de suelo del área de estudio; en segundo lugar el trabajo de laboratorio, en donde se analizaron las muestras bajo los parámetros de textura, pH, conductividad eléctrica, color y materia orgánica; y la tercera y última etapa, la de trabajo de gabinete, en donde se procesaron todos los datos obtenidos y se elaboraron mapas comparativos del área cultivada a partir del análisis de imágenes satelitales de los años 1976 y 2016, y los resultados obtenidos en el laboratorio de los parámetros analizados. Los resultados demostraron que la salinización en el área de estudio se expandió entre 1976 y 2016, llegándose a perder 1690,47 ha de cultivos. Asimismo, en la mayoría de puntos de muestreo, la salinidad se agravó. Esto ocurrió por factores naturales como la cercanía con el mar, y factores antrópicos como la baja calidad de agua de riego, que proviene de aguas residuales y canales de regadío contaminados.
Salinization is a process of soil degradation that has been aggravating and expanding along the coast of Peru in the past decades. This process has a negative impact on the inhabitants of the districts of San Antonio and Mala, in the region of Lima, because it does not allow them to perform their traditional agriculture activities throughout the year. It is precisely for this reason that the current thesis aims to understand the process and the current degree of salinization in these districts. With this objective, the rate of expansion of salinization between the years 1976 and 2016 is determined, as well as the causes of its evolution and growth. The methodology followed consisted in three stages. The first one is field stage, where soil samples were collected from the study area. The second one is laboratory stage, where the samples were analyzed in a laboratory to measure parameters of texture, pH, electrical conductivity, color and organic matter. And the third and final one is the cabinet stage, where the entire laboratory data was processed, merged with satellite images from 1976 and 2016 of the cultivated areas in the surface and presented as comparative maps. The results showed that the salinization has expanded from 1976 and 2016, causing the loss of 1 690,47 hectares of arable land. Also, in the majority of the sampling points, the salinity has worsened. This is caused by natural factors, such as proximity to the sea, and anthropic factors, such as low-quality irrigation water that comes from wastewater discharge and polluted irrigation canals. Finally, the study concludes with strategies proposed to control salinization in the research area.
Salinization is a process of soil degradation that has been aggravating and expanding along the coast of Peru in the past decades. This process has a negative impact on the inhabitants of the districts of San Antonio and Mala, in the region of Lima, because it does not allow them to perform their traditional agriculture activities throughout the year. It is precisely for this reason that the current thesis aims to understand the process and the current degree of salinization in these districts. With this objective, the rate of expansion of salinization between the years 1976 and 2016 is determined, as well as the causes of its evolution and growth. The methodology followed consisted in three stages. The first one is field stage, where soil samples were collected from the study area. The second one is laboratory stage, where the samples were analyzed in a laboratory to measure parameters of texture, pH, electrical conductivity, color and organic matter. And the third and final one is the cabinet stage, where the entire laboratory data was processed, merged with satellite images from 1976 and 2016 of the cultivated areas in the surface and presented as comparative maps. The results showed that the salinization has expanded from 1976 and 2016, causing the loss of 1 690,47 hectares of arable land. Also, in the majority of the sampling points, the salinity has worsened. This is caused by natural factors, such as proximity to the sea, and anthropic factors, such as low-quality irrigation water that comes from wastewater discharge and polluted irrigation canals. Finally, the study concludes with strategies proposed to control salinization in the research area.