1. Doctorado
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Item Metadata only A new perspective of work stress on teaching performance by competencies(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2022-04-13) Vargas Valdiviezo, Maria Auxiliadora; Guevara Moncada, RubénLa investigación analizó la incidencia del estrés laboral en las competencias que posee el docente universitario para ejecutar las funciones de docencia, investigación, gestión académica y de extensión universitaria usando como base investigaciones previas. Esta investigación adoptó el postulado de la teoría lineal negativa para analizar la incidencia en los docentes universitarios. En el estudio participaron un total de 400 docentes que laboran a tiempo completo en las principales universidades públicas y privadas del Ecuador, escogidos de forma aleatoria. Para recabar información acerca de las variables, se utilizó el instrumento PSS-10 y la evaluación del desempeño por competencias que fueron aplicados con una escala de Likert de cinco puntos. Los datos y las relaciones se analizaron mediante el uso de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales basado en covarianzas a través del método de Máxima Verosimilitud. Los hallazgos reportados mostraron que el estrés laboral tiene incidencia significativa en las competencias pedagógica y de gestión académica y que para las otras competencias, de investigación y extensión universitaria, no se reportaron resultados estadísticamente significantes. Esta investigación con su abordaje generó un aporte a las teorías de Administración de Recursos Humanos y de Comportamiento Organizacional porque brinda a los encargados una visión más completa de la variable desempeño docente.Item Metadata only A study on the response of the LR-115 detector exposed inside a diffusion chamber and in unconventional bare mode(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021-12-17) Bertin Andrés, Pérez Ancaya; López Herrera, María ElenaSeveral methodologies for radon concentration measurements have been used for monitoring radon in homes and workplaces to minimize health hazards due to indoor radon exposure. One of them is the Nuclear Track Methodology (NTM), commonly used for passive long-term measurements. The LR-115 type II (cellulose nitrate), as an NTM’s detector, is often located inside a diffusion chamber. The set formed by the detector and the chamber hereinafter will be called a monitor. Commercial monitors, e.g., RadOUT , Radosys, NRPB, are routinely used for radon measurements; they are calibrated in Certified and/or Accredited Laboratories. However, many laboratories have developed their own monitors, varying some characteristics as geometric shapes, dimensions, and material properties. They also do not have access to calibrate them in Certified and/or Accredited Laboratories. In the present thesis, we studied the detector response given the characteristics of the diffusion chamber that we use, and to know how these characteristics influence radon measurements. The results of this study can provide a fast-calibration of the detector that can be compared to calibrations in Certified and/or Accredited Laboratories. This study is based on Monte Carlo methods that imitate the experimental procedure commonly-used in estimating the calibration factor. This calibration method is more accesible than calibrations performed in Certified and/or Accredited Laboratories due to its low cost, feasibility and applicability. For these purposes, a monitor (LR-115 + a non-commercial diffusion chamber made of polypropylene -usually used as cosmetic pot-) was used in this research. LR-115 detector response in this set-up is reported by taking into account the geometric shape, dimensions and material (conductive or non-conductive) of the chamber, the transmission factor (the ratio of final steady state concentration of radon or thoron at the entrance of the chamber to the concentration of radon or thoron just inside this entrance), radon exposure level, and etching and reading process. Regarding the level of radon exposure, it was possible to correct the track overlap effect for high exposure levels, as can occur in radon measurements in soil pores, by applying a mathematical model. Mainly, these researches show that a non-commercial monitor can work as well as commercial ones. Besides, using an LR-115 in bare mode exposed by unconventional exposition results in concentric ring-shaped tracks, caused by UV natural radiation. The repeatability and reproducibility of the observed phenomenon were experimentally demonstrated. We also studied the ability of the LR-115 detector to register alpha particles from nuclear (n,α) reactions, or radon/thoron progeny. This study is also based on Monte Carlo methods and can provide an estimation of the efficiency of the detector to neutron or radon/thoron progeny.Item Metadata only La abolición del tributo indígena en 1812(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016-10-07) Villanueva, CarmenEl tema de este trabajo surgió del estudio de los decretos de las Cortes de Cádiz, y más concretamente de la investigación acerca de la libertad de imprenta iniciados en el seminario de Independencia del Instituto Riva Agüero.Item Metadata only Acción colectiva y conflicto de intereses : el caso de la comunidad campesina de Catac (Recuay-Ancash).(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013-12-09) Osorio Bautista, Serafín; Diez Hurtado, Antonio AlejandroEsta tesis se ocupa de la acción colectiva y el conflicto de intereses en la comunidad campesina de Catac. La tesis centra su atención en el desarrollo de la acción colectiva en la afirmación del territorio, en el manejo de la economía, en la asignación de diferentes usos al territorio, los mecanismos de distribución de beneficios y en las relaciones de poder.Item Metadata only Acción colectiva, gestión del agua de riego y agroexportación en la costa peruana(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021-01-22) Muñoz Portugal, Gerrmán Guillermo Ismael; Glave Testino, Manuel AugustoEsta tesis se conforma de dos estudios relacionados con el problema del agua de riego en la agricultura y economía peruana. El primero analiza los factores de sostenibilidad de la acción colectiva en la gestión del agua de riego en los valles de Moche y Virú, situados en la costa del Perú. Utilizando un modelo de panel de efectos aleatorios, el análisis econométrico encontró que las variables relevantes para la sostenibilidad de la acción colectiva son diferentes en cada valle. El resultado económico se mide por la eficacia en el cobro de la tarifa de agua de riego y capacidad transferida por el Estado a las Juntas de Usuarios. Destaca, además, la importancia del proyecto de irrigación Chavimochic, que amplió la disponibilidad de agua en forma permanente, pero que enfrenta también los efectos del cambio climático, así como el incremento de la demanda hídrica. El segundo estudio analiza el crecimiento económico agroexportador en el valle de Ica, que ha traído consigo la concentración de la tierra y de las fuentes de agua subterránea. Este proceso ha dado mayor poder a las empresas agroexportadoras, las cuales responden individualmente a la demanda del mercado internacional. El incremento en la demanda externa de los productos del valle genera importantes beneficios privados, pero inhibe la acción colectiva para la conservación del acuífero. Cada empresa decide la cantidad de pozos a perforar y el volumen de agua subterránea que debe extraer, dados los requerimientos técnicos de los cultivos y ante una débil regulación pública. La mayor extracción con respecto a la reserva y disponibilidad de agua lleva a un descenso del volumen del acuífero, a un deterioro del recurso común y a la consecuente escasez. La metodología de investigación ha seguido el enfoque de la economía institucional para analizar las interrelaciones entre lo social, lo tecnológico y las políticas públicas en el valle de Ica, buscando situarse en una perspectiva interdisciplinaria.Item Metadata only Actitudes, orientación emprendedora y capacidad de aprendizaje organizacional en las cooperativas financieras(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021-01-15) Echeverría Cueva, Carlos Martín; Rivera Camino, Jaime EduardoEl propósito del presente estudio cuantitativo es examinar la relación entre actitud al emprendimiento (AE), orientación emprendedora (OE) y capacidad de aprendizaje organizacional (CAO) en cooperativas de ahorro y crédito. Se aplicó el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) con el método de estimación de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados para probar las hipótesis, en una muestra de 430 empresas ubicadas en seis provincias del Ecuador. Los resultados revelaron que la actitud al emprendimiento influye positivamente a la orientación emprendedora, además, la actitud influye positivamente a la capacidad de aprendizaje organizacional, que la orientación emprendedora no influye positivamente a la capacidad de aprendizaje organizacional, y que existe una mediación completa cuando la orientación emprendedora media entre actitud al emprendimiento y capacidad de aprendizaje organizacional. La contribución teórica a la actitud del emprendedor, orientación emprendedora y capacidad de aprendizaje organizacional fue el probar un modelo que servirá para futuras investigaciones. Finalmente, es necesario seguir investigando el comportamiento del modelo planteado, considerando otro sector social, económico, geográfico, tamaño de la empresa, volumen de activos.Item Metadata only Actores discursivos en los conflictos socioambientales: Análisis de las disputas sociotécnicas en Tía María y Conga(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023-01-09) Macassi Lavander, Sandro Enrique; Delgado Pugley, DeborahEl presente estudio se enfoca en la interacción entre las redes de actores tanto de la empresa como de las comunidades, construidas en torno a los asuntos sociotécnicos y la participación de actores comunicativos en dichas redes, en torno a los EIA de los megaproyectos de Tía María y de Conga en el Perú entre el 2009 y el 2012. La revisión de la “Teoría del Actor Red” ayuda a comprender las discusiones que emergen sobre los EIA, sin embargo, esta teoría no profundiza el rol que cumplen los actores comunicativos. Para explicar su aporte en los conflictos socioambientales se emplea el concepto de “coaliciones discursivas” (Hajer, 2003; Fischer 2003). Se revisó la normatividad sobre el EIA, y se realizaron entrevistas a informantes claves de la red de actores sociotécnica y miembros de las coaliciones discursivas. Se analiza cualitativa y cuantitativamente la presencia de lo sociotécnico en el periodismo tradicional y en el digital, tanto nacional como regional y local. Se encuentra que las estrategias de comunicativas tienen un papel clave en la conformación de la red de actores que realiza la empresa y también en la red de actores contestataria. Actores comunicativos y no comunicativos (ingenieros, periodistas, instituciones, especialistas y ciudadanos de a pie) conforman las “coaliciones discursivas. Ellos cuestionan las premisas socio-técnicas en el espacio público, buscando afectar las decisiones gubernamentales. Se observa un círculo virtuoso entre las coaliciones discursivas, los artefactos sociotécnicos y las acciones de movilización para la apertura de la caja negra (desestabilización de las premisas científicas del EIA) logrando detener la aprobación del EIA de ambos proyectos extractivos. Además, las coaliciones discursivas cuestionaron el sistema de evaluación ambiental vigente creando condiciones para el desarrollo de una nueva institucionalidad pública denominada Servicio Nacional de Certificación Ambiental para las Inversiones sostenibles.Item Metadata only Actuación de los Diputados Titulares peruanos, 1812-1814(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012-10-19) Llontop Sánchez-Carrión, Bertha SusanaLa presencia peruana en las cortes de Cádiz es un tema que nos ha interesado siempre. Al iniciar,hace ya varios años, nuestra investigación en el Archivo General de Indias nuestro interés creció. Si bien de los diputados suplentes habíamos estudiado y conocíamos su actuación, entre los documentos hallabamos datos, para nosotros casi desconocidos,sobre los diputados titulares.Item Metadata only Additive manufacturing applied to the construction industry - Development of earthen-based and cement-based matrices for additive construction(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2022-11-12) Silva Mondragon, Guido Leonardo; Aguilar Velez, RafaelThe application of additive manufacturing technologies for construction has evidenced potential economic, social, and environmental benefits compared to conventional casting procedures. 3D printing for construction is a disruptive technology with the potential for rapid and massive applications making it a feasible alternative for social housing, temporary shelters after disasters, and, recently, extraterrestrial habitats. In this line, this thesis presents the development of earthen-based and cement-based matrices with fresh properties, hardening, and hardened-state properties compatible with this new construction process. First, a medium-scale 3D printing prototype was designed and validated for additive construction applications. The revision of state of the art helps us to define the key properties to design printable matrices: flowability, extrudability, open time, and buildability. Based on these key properties, together with a mechanical evaluation and shrinkage cracking monitoring, printable earthen-based and cement-based matrices were developed. First, the printable capabilities of ecofriendly earthen-based matrices which use potato starch as a natural stabilizer for raw soil mortars aim to obtain 3D printed filaments with adequate fresh and hardenedstates properties. The results indicate that printable earthen-based matrices reinforced with 1 % of sisal fibers by weight of soil and stabilized with aqueous starch gels with concentrations up to 5 % (w/w) showed improved workability and minor cracking and can be used for 3D printing. Then, the thesis presents a methodology based on a set of low-cost experimental tests for the development of cement-based matrices suitable for layer-by-layer deposition. The results of the systematic experimental campaign indicate that yield strength obtained by shear vane tests is a good reference value for proportioning extrudable, pumpable, and buildable concretes. However, special attention has to be given to the binder/fine aggregate weight ratio as low binder contents can lead to clogging of the pumping system. The current research shows four formulations with good printing capabilities obtained after shear vane tests, filament printing tests, and stacking tests. Finally, two medium-scale section walls have been additively manufactured using the optimum concrete validating the proposed methodology.Item Metadata only Adoption of big data analytics and its impact on organizational performance in higher education mediated by knowledge management(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021-12-10) Marchena Sekli, Giulio Franz; De la Vega Hernández, Iván ManuelDue to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, higher education institutions are challenged to continue providing quality teaching, consulting, and research production through virtual education environments. In this context, a large volume of data is being generated, and technologies such as big data analytics are needed to create opportunities for open innovation by obtaining valuable knowledge. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the factors that influence the adoption of big data analytics, as well as to evaluate the relationship it has with performance and knowledge management, taking into consideration that this technology is in its initial stages and that previous research has provided varied results depending on the sector in focus. To address these challenges, a theoretical framework was developed to empirically test the relationship of these variables. A total of 265 members of universities in Latin America were surveyed and structural equation modeling was used for hypothesis testing. The findings identified compatibility, an adequate organizational data environment, and external support as factors required to adopt big data analytics and their positive relationship is tested with knowledge management processes and organizational performance. This study provides practical guidance for decision-makers involved in or in charge of defining the implementation strategy of big data analytics in higher education institutions.Item Metadata only Advances in artificial intelligence applied to ultrasound imaging(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-05-28) Romero Gutierrez, Stefano Enrique; Castañeda Aphan, BenjaminUltrasound imaging in rural areas often faces challenges due to the scarcity of skilled radiologists or sonographers. This research explores enhancing ultrasound imaging focused in resource-scarce settings via external anatomical landmarks for asynchronous ultrasound acquisition using artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision algorithms based on the nature of the acquisition. First, it addresses lung ultrasound health status by generating one single image by sweeping the transducer in a sagittal position along the chest. The validation was performed using normal and abnormal cases. Second, a multi-camera system for ultrasound probe tracking with AI is proposed. The results were evaluated by quantitative measurements of speeds, angles, and simulation of lung VSI protocol. Third, a 3D segmentation of breast tumors using ultrasound videos acquired by asynchronous protocols was realized. A representative frame of the videos is extracted to analyze the nature and determine if is a benign or malignant case. Fourth, a set of obstetric data acquired by asynchronous protocols for the assessment of fetal head presentation and placenta position was realized. Fetal biometry such as head circumference and biparietal diameter were calculated and compared with physician measurements. Finally, an elastography approach was tested for plantar soft tissue assessment by a test-retest experiment for biomechanical characterization. An automatic calcaneus segmentation was employed in the B-mode as an aid in the visualization and for an immediate region of interest selection. The results were compared with the manual selection of the region of interest and the respective calcaneus segmentation. The findings of this work demonstrate a substantial advancement in the field of ultrasound imaging, especially tailored for resource-limited settings.Item Metadata only Advances in quantum state tomography and strong measurements of quantum weak values(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-01-19) Ruelas Paredes, David Reinaldo Alejandro; Massoni Kamimoto, Eduardo RubénEste trabajo contiene dos contribuciones al campo de la teoría cuántica. La primera viene por doble partida: un protocolo óptico para producir y realizar tomografía de estados puros, arbitrarios, de dos qubits codificados en grados de libertad de camino y polarización; y un protocolo generalizado para hacer tomografía de estados mixtos del mismo tipo. Se reporta una realización con luz láser del primer esquema, la cual sirve como prueba de concepto. La segunda contribución es un modelo dentro del paradigma de von Neumann para las mediciones. Su utilidad yace en que permite estudiar el efecto de la fuerza del acoplamiento entre sistema y puntero sobre la incertidumbre estadística y los errores sistemáticos que resultan de medir valores débiles cuánticos y estados puros. Esta propuesta –cuya implementación con luz láser o con fotones individuales es también explicada– fue demostrada usando sistemas de computación cuántica provistos por IBM. Los resultados obtenidos mediante mediciones con distintos grados de fuerza disipan la idea de que las mediciones fuertes siempre dan mejores resultados que sus contrapartes débiles. Quizá más importante todavía, esta realización experimental aporta evidencia de que es posible maximizar la precisión y exactitud de los parámetros medidos si se elige adecuadamente el acoplamiento de la medición.Item Metadata only An analysis of the roles played by Born’s rule, Bell’s theorem and Bohr’s complementarity in the establishment of the quantum-classical boundary(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018-08-28) De Zela Martínez, Francisco; Massoni Kamimoto, Eduardo RubénThis work contains a series of contributions that are related, in one form or another, with the placement of the quantum-classical boundary. Three results that have been widely taken as characteristic traits of quantum phenomena are here shown to appear in purely classical contexts as well. These are: Born’s rule, Bell violations and Bohr’s complementarity. This work discusses how Born’s rule may be derived from some basic assumptions that relate to measurements in general, thereby showing that said rule applies when dealing with both classical and quantum cases. Bell violations are ultimately based upon Born’s rule. Therefore, the applicability of the latter in a classical context leads to Bell violations in this very same context. We can therefore predict non-quantum Bell violations. Moreover, we report experimental results confirming these violations. Finally, we address Bohr’s complementarity in a quantitative way and derive an equation that links visibility and distinguishability – two complementary features of an interferometric array – with polarization, which can be seen as an “internal” degree of freedom.Item Metadata only An internal fraud model for operational losses : an application to evaluate data integration techniques in operational risk management in financial institutions(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017-03-02) Paredes Leandro, Rocío Margaret; Vincent, CharlesThe handling of external operational loss data by individual banks is one of the longstanding problems in risk management theory and practice. The extant literature has not provided a method to identify the best way to combine internal and external operational loss data to calculate operational risk capital. Hence, to improve the knowledge and understanding of internal-external data combination in operational risk management, this study applied a simulation-based evaluation of well-known data combination techniques such as the scaling, the Bayesian, and the covariate-base techniques. This research considered operational losses arising from internal fraud in retail banking within a group of international banks that share data through an operational loss data exchange. One of the key elements of the simulation-based statistical evaluation was the development of a dynamic internal fraud model for operational losses in retail banking. The internal fraud model incorporated human factors such as the number of employees per branch and the ethical quality of workers. It also included the extent of risk controls set by bank managers. There were two sets of findings. First, according to the simulation-based evaluation, the scaling technique was by far the less useful for estimating the appropriate operational risk capital. The Bayesian and the covariate-based techniques performed best. The Bayesian technique was the best for higher percentiles while the covariate-based technique was the best at not so extreme quantiles. The choice of technique therefore depends on the risk appetite of the financial institution. The second set of findings relates to the model validation with hard data. Losses generated by the model in the banks across the world were associated with GDP growth and the corruption perception of the country where banks were located. In general, internal fraud losses are pro-cyclical and the corruption perception in a country positively affects the occurrence of internal fraud losses. When a country is perceived as more corrupt, retail banking in that country will feature more severe internal fraud losses. To the best of knowledge, it is the first time in the operational risk literature that this type of result is reportedItem Metadata only An optimal seismic risk mitigation of public school buildings in Lima through the community resilience concept and the application of MCDM methods and GIS tools(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019-02-25) Anelli, Angelo; Santa Cruz, Sandra Cecilia; Laterza, Michelangelo; Tarque, Nicola; Vona, MarcoNowadays retrofitting strategies are a typical problem of public administrations. Due to the amount of essential and/or historic buildings that require seismic retrofitting and the restricted economic availability, it is necessary to prioritize interventions on a large territorial scale in order to optimize the allocation of available economic resources, provide transparent guidelines, and identify the best solution with an integrated view of the problem. In this thesis work, a prioritization methodology for seismic risk reduction in public schools is developed. The suggested methodology is based on the community resilience concept, Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It allows to define a proactive and resilient seismic risk mitigation strategy with a geographical, multidisciplinary, and multidimensional perspective. In order to illustrate the proposed methodology, prioritization strategies of retrofit interventions for 1825 public schools in the Lima Metropolitan Area are analyzed. The resilience of the communities has played a key role in the definition of the seismic risk mitigation policies. Three perceptions are identified to use the resilience concept in the present thesis work: seismic risk, emergency management, integration and social cohesion. They represent groups of interwoven technical, organizational, social, and economic dimensions. Based on these aspects, quantitative and qualitative prioritization criteria are selected and analyzed separately using GIS tools in order to model the schools seismic risk components and quantify the spatial and territorial relationships between schools and their surroundings. Through the assignment of criteria weights, numerous political scenarios are defined to perform predictive analysis that consider the possible uncertainties involved in planning and to enrich the decision-making process with more useful information. In order to compare them and identify the most optimal political scenario, a cost-benefit index and an innovative resilience indicator are determined for each one. A new and transparent framework is developed to help decision makers in selecting the political strategies, the relative prioritizations of interventions, and their intervention options in the pre- disaster and post-disaster phases. It provides a simplified methodology with solid technical and scientific bases that aims to optimize community resilience using a multidimensional and xviii spatiotemporal measurement. Decision makers and engineering professionals could use it as a decision support in the prevention and management of various natural and artificial threats.Item Metadata only Análisis antropológico del funcionamiento de una institución de educación básica alternativa de jóvenes y adultos.(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016-09-08) Bardales Mendoza, Olga Teodora; Ansión Mallet, Jean-MarieLa presente tesis describe y analiza desde una perspectiva antropológica y subjetiva el funcionamiento de un Centro Educativo Básico Alternativo (CEBA) de jóvenes y adultos de la nocturna, develando la teoría subjetiva construida por los actores educativos en base a sus representaciones, imaginarios, prácticas, interacciones y acuerdos establecidos que forman parte de la llamada cultura organizacional del CEBA, que se distancia del sistema establecido normativamente. La presente tesis, asume una posición teórica concordante con el interaccionismo simbólico de Blumer, H. (1969), que señala al sujeto como dinámico en su entorno, que da significado a sus prácticas, y sobre ellas actúa; así como, con la propuesta de Crozier y Friedberg (1990), quienes señalan una visión constructivista de la realidad producto de las interacciones entre los individuos con su entorno; es decir, ven al individuo como agente de cambio, que produce acomodaciones y adaptaciones de la realidad educativa frente al sistema normado; con la teoría crítica de Giroux; la propuesta de Gray, quien propugna y defiende que la teoría de las organizaciones debe construirse desde la subjetividad de los individuos, que no se basa en lo que deben hacer los individuos, sino en lo que realmente hacen; y finalmente, con la propuesta de Weick, y su libre convivencia organizacional (looseness coupled). El desarrollo de nuestra tesis sobre el rol protagónico de los estudiantes EBAJA sobre el sistema que configura el funcionamiento institucional educativo, comprendió el estudió de un Centro de Educación Básica Alternativa (CEBA) de jóvenes y adultos del nivel secundario de la nocturna. El abordaje de campo comprendió, por un lado, la exploración a través de entrevistas de las opiniones y testimonios de los actores educativos del CEBA; y por otro lado, la observación de los comportamientos entre los actores educativos, y de estos frente a las reglas institucionales del Centro Educativo. Por ello, se enfatizó la metodología cualitativa que recogió información de fuentes primarias, como los actores educativos; y de información secundaria, como documentos relacionados y estadísticas que permitió enriquecer el análisis de lo encontrado. Las técnicas cualitativas fueron: la entrevista a profundidad y la observación participante para la información primaria; y la revisión documental para la información secundaria. Los resultados muestran que en el funcionamiento del CEBA, existe un papel activo de parte de los actores educativos jóvenes y adultos de la EBAJA en el contexto micro educativo en interacción con lo normado-establecido, que a pesar de ser defendido por las autoridades pedagógicas, finalmente, en la realidad estas normas son redefinidas sobre las necesidades de los actores mediante una serie de estrategias individuales y colectivas que dan sentido y legitimidad al funcionamiento del CEBA. La institución de la EBAJA cobra sentido y opera en la base a acuerdos de convivencia entre los actores, que se manifiestan en pactos informales establecidos en dos sentidos, uno pragmático y otro comprometido.Item Metadata only Análisis de los instrumentos de las políticas públicas del Perú, mediante proyectos de innovación y startup en el contexto de colaboración universidad industria(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019-09-20) Arenas Iparraguirre, Juan Jesús; González Álvarez, Miguel DomingoEn el Sistema Nacional de Innovación, la colaboración entre la Universidad y la Industria es fundamental para crear productos únicos en el mercado que generan una ventaja competitiva. Si bien la empresa podría crear su tecnología por medio de sus laboratorios, en la realidad peruana esto no es posible y es por lo que se busca vincularse con instituciones científicas. En este proceso de vinculación hay una etapa fundamental que es conocido como la transferencia tecnológica. Es decir, la tecnología o conocimiento generado en las instituciones científicas deben trasladarse a la industria en medio de un sistema de transferencia donde existe muchos elementos a considerar. El objetivo de la tesis doctoral es desarrollar un modelo de transferencia tecnológica basado en la revisión de literatura y el análisis de la situación del Perú, donde se pueda involucrar todos los elementos del contexto de colaboración entre la universidad ya la industria. El proyecto se ha divido en el análisis de la literatura, análisis de las políticas peruanas temas de innovación y el análisis de encuestas y base de datos con respecto a las actividades de innovación de las empresas. Así mismo, se ha establecido claramente las técnicas para la revisión de literatura sistemática y las siguientes técnicas de análisis de datos: Correlación de Pearson, Análisis de Componente Principal, Regresión Logística y Nube de palabras. El modelo sistemático presentado demuestra la importancia de los gestores de transferencia tecnológica, los cuales no solamente están definidos por las oficinas de transferencia sino también por las direcciones de investigaciones y las incubadoras universitarias. Otro aspecto a resaltar se encuentra en la definición de los mecanismos de transferencias, los cuales podrán ayudar a entender que el proceso de transferencia tecnológica donde la salida no solamente se realiza por medio de una licencia o contrato formal sino que también se hace por medio de salidas informales que podrían impactar en emprendimientos o spin-off.Item Metadata only Análisis de redes sociales de las redes de colaboración en I+D+i en el Perú (2007-2018)(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2022-11-25) Bazán Borja, Mario Francisco; Sagasti Hochhausler, Francisco RafaelBetween 2007 and 2018, Peru increased its capacities to promote science, technology, and innovation through the implementation of competitive financing mechanisms that, due to their design, have contributed to the formation of collaborative networks for scientific research, technological development, and innovation. These collaborative networks for innovation are central to the adoption, generation, adaptation, transmission and valorization of knowledge, technologies, and innovations. This work employs social network analysis to identify the characteristics of collaborative networks at the national, regional, and interregional levels, as well as to measure the role of actor networks, both at the national, regional, and interregional levels, with respect to the diffusion of knowledge and the generation of collaborative networks created from competitive funding mechanisms. The thesis proposes a characterization of the regional innovation systems considering the composition of the collaboration networks generated by the funded projects; identifies the regions that would be forming inter-regional innovation systems; and shows the inter-temporal value of longterm collaborations between actors at the national level. The main conclusions include the leading role played by academic organizations in the national innovation system, the different degrees of maturity of regional innovation systems and a classification for Peru, and a proposal for interregional integration based on scientific and technological knowledge in the country.Item Metadata only Analysis of the physical properties and photoelectrochemical behavior of c-Si/a-SiC:H(p) photocathodes for solar water splitting(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023-01-16) Mejia Chueca, María del Carmen; Rumiche Zapata, Francisco AurelioPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) processes have become an efficient and viable method for solar energy conversion into zero-emission fuels by harnessing and storage the power of the sun, which offers an environment-friendly approach. Hydrogen is considered as a sustainable and suitable energy alternative in comparison to energy systems based on the consumption of conventional hydrocarbon fuels. In particular, hydrogen production by PEC water splitting represents an attractive alternative to enhance the efficiency of water splitting process using sun light. Current research in this field is devoted to the fabrication and evaluation of new photoactive materials that upon sunlight absorption enable water-splitting PEC reactions with high efficiency and durability. Silicon based compounds offer a good opportunity as photoactive material due to its high abundance and current scalable technologies. Silicon is the eighth most abundant element in the universe and constitutes up to 27.2% of the earth’s crust weight [1]. Particularly, hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) thin films have been tested as photocathode material for photo-assisted electrolysis, exhibiting solar to hydrogen conversion efficiencies up to 7.5 %. Due to the capability to tailor the bandgap (1.8 - 3.3 eV) by the incorporation of carbon in a-Si:H, this material has turned out to be a promising candidate for PEC cells, fulfilling the optical bandgap (Egap) primary requirement, i.e. Egap > 2.2 eV. Additionally, the carbon incorporation leads to an enhancement of the corrosion resistance properties in aqueous media. It has been theoretically estimated that a PEC device with an a-Si0.9C0.1:H absorption layer exhibiting 2.0 eV of energy bandgap, can generate a photocurrent density Jph of 15 mA/cm2 (solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency ∼18 %) when submitted to an Air mass (AM) 1.5 solar spectrum [2]. The specific value of 1.5 for the Air mass is selected for standardization purposes, based on the analysis of solar irradiance data in the United States, and corresponds to a power of 1000 W/cm2 [3]. In the present work, a similar material a-Si0.5C0.5:H exhibiting 2.76 eV of energy bandgap generates a Jph of 17 mA/cm2 when submitted to the same light spectrum. This reflects an improvement in the use of a-SiC:H in PEC water splitting. Research on single thin film photoactive materials does not typically consider the role of the silicon substrate in the photoelectrochemical performance. In this sense, the photoelectrode is a system formed by a p-p, n-n or n-p structure, which depending on the depth of the space charge region may have an important impact on the photoelectrode performance. In this work, this substrate effect has been considered and studied. PEC performance of a-SiC:H is often limited by its non-ideal energy band-edge alignment to the H2O/O2 redox potential, thus limiting the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the whole water splitting process [4]. To overcome this downside, an external bias needs to be applied, contributing to counteract the overpotential required to trigger the direct water splitting reaction. The external bias also contributes to reduce overpotentials due to the presence of a surface SiO2 barrier layer and compensates interface charge carriers recombination as well. Previous studies have demonstrated that by removing the SiO2 native layer vii from a-SiC:H(i) surface, Jph values over 6 mA/cm2 can be achieved at a potential of -1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl in contrast to values lower than < 4 mA/cm2 obtained without the oxide removal. In fact, the existence of surface states (SS) originated from the hydroxyl group termination on the oxide surface, form an electronic state that is typically located within the semiconductor bandgap. The theory that such states act as recombination centers for minority photo carriers, fits quite well with the assumption that surface recombination competes with charge transfer from the semiconductor band towards the electrolyte. Additionally, it has been reported that depending on the density and energetic position of SS, these can provide another favorable pathway for indirect charge transfer to the solution, competing with the undesirable recombination mechanism. Knowledge in this field is limitated to full-drift diffusion simulations in steady-state and dynamic regimes for photo-anodic currents in crystalline materials. In the current work, an experimental study has been carried out over an amorphous material (a-SiC:H) acting as photocathode for PEC water splitting. Thus, adding knowledge in this field. Attempts to understand the role of a-SiC defects in PEC water splitting performance have been carried out in 2009 by Simonds et al. [5]. As a result of these, defects density in the bulk of the a-SiC increases with carbon concentration, from ∼9 × 1016 cm−3 (6%C) to ∼8 × 1017 cm−3 (11%C), leading to a reduction of the PEC performance. On the other hand, defect densities in the SiC/SiO2 interface (SS) were approximated by Gaussian distributions with maximums of ∼2 × 1012 cm−2 · eV−1 (Ivanov et al. [6]). The latter finding was retrieved from Capacitance-Voltage (C−V) measurements over metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures, and fit quite well with the SiC SS density distributions reported in this work. The current work consists in three parts. In the first part, Bandgap engineering of a-SiC:H thin films was carried out to assess the material light absorption without compromising its photoelectrochemical water splitting capabilities. The tailoring was performed by varying the hydrogen concentration in the semiconductor and by post-deposition isochronical annealing treatments from 200 to 700 ◦C. By isochronical annealing, the same sample is submitted to the different temperature steps, from low to high temperature. After this analysis, the most suitable samples for water splitting application were evaluated as photocathodes in 1 M sulfuric acid under chopped light illumination. These a-SiC:H samples were doped with aluminum and deposited on different Silicon substrate conductivity types to assess the substrate influence in the a-SiC:H(Al) photocurrent response. This constitutes the second part or the work. Finally, in the third part, the role of SS in the photocathodic current for a-SiC:H(Al) absorber layers was experimentally analyzed. This analysis was based on steady-state and dynamic electrochemical models. Results concerning a-SiC:H(Al) photocathode stability under darkness and illumination conditions are also shown and discussed in this part. Concerning the findings and the novelty in this work, localized a-SiC:H(Al)/SiO2 SS would take part in a desirable mechanism of indirect electron charge transfer viii to the electrolyte, and thus, conduct hydrogen evolution reaction. Related to the SiO2 native layer, the evidence suggests that the SiO2 layer reduction during PEC tests triggers a favorable semiconductor-electrolyte interface. This interface exhibits less overpotential barriers which promotes photocurrent generation. A correlation exists between the retrieved SS density (NSS) and Urbach energy (EU) values. The EU is associated with disorder-induced electronic tail states or Urbach tails, which are localized states near the semiconductor band-edges. This correlation, as well as other a-SiC:H(Al)/SiO2 interface studies, support the reliability of our NSS calculations for the c-Si(p)/a-SiC:H(Al)/SiO2/electrolyte system. Finally, a charge transfer mechanism assisted by photogenerated minority carriers from the c-Si substrate has been also proposed in this workItem Metadata only Anulación de laudo arbitral por defecto de motivación: estudio de casos en Lima, Perú. Período 2011-2015(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017-04-21) León Pastor, Ricardo Antonio; Castillo Freyre, Mario Eduardo Juan MartínUno de los debates en el mundo del arbitraje es si el laudo arbitral debe ser controlado judicialmente por cada Estado nacional o, por el contrario, el Estado no debe ejercer control alguno sobre la autonomía de la voluntad empleada para pactar un arbitraje que escape del control estatal. El control judicial sobre el laudo se ejerce en muchos lugares del mundo, también en el Perú por supuesto. Ha sido previsto legislativamente desde las anteriores Leyes de Arbitraje y sigue estando regulado en la actual ley, de manera conforme con tendencias internacionales. Pero, ¿cuál debe ser el objeto del control, con particular referencia a la motivación del laudo? Este es el problema central que aborda la presente investigación.