Evaluación de barreras al sistema crediticio: la garantía como factor determinante para el acceso al crédito a propósito del programa Reactiva Perú
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2021-10-03
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En el Perú, a lo largo de los años, las tasas de crédito alcanzan cifras que
bordean el 35% para las MYPES. Esta problemática aqueja a la pequeña y micro
empresa de manera que no pueden alcanzar su máxima productividad debido a
su poca o nula capacidad de acceso al crédito, a pesar de que las MYPES
productivas son una de las partes importantes del crecimiento económico a nivel
nacional. El análisis teórico indica que existen diversos determinantes (barreras)
para explicar el porqué de la poca o nula capacidad de acceso al crédito de las
MYPES: asimetría de información, costos de transacción, inestabilidad política,
riesgos, garantías, etc. El presente trabajo busca probar que el fin ulterior de las
barreras es la garantía. Para ello, se emplea un modelo econométrico Logit
Binomial, el cual nos ayuda a probar que los determinantes de las garantías se
resumen en las barreras ya mencionadas. Por otro lado, el presente trabajo
también busca responder si las garantías, como fin ulterior, facilitan el acceso al
crédito de las MYPES. Dada la coyuntura mundial por la pandemia del COVID –
19, dentro del análisis empírico, se experimenta con el programa Reactiva Perú.
Este programa, sin precedentes en el Perú, es especial debido a que el Estado
funciona como garante ante los bancos y cajas municipales, cubriendo hasta el
98% de la garantía de las MYPES. El análisis empírico de los últimos meses
muestra que las tasas de interés se reducen significativamente hasta 4.3% y la
oferta de crédito crece hasta 38%, todo ello gracias al programa Reactiva Perú.
La primera conclusión del presente trabajo es que la garantía es el fin ulterior de
los determinantes del acceso al crédito. La segunda conclusión que se presenta
es que al derrumbar la barrera de garantía (Estado como garante) las MYPES
pueden acceder al crédito de manera que su capacidad productiva no se
encuentre limitada para el crecimiento económico.
In Peru, over the years, credit rates reach figures that are around 35% for MYPES. This problem afflicts small and micro enterprises in such a way that they cannot reach their maximum productivity due to their little or no ability to access credit, despite the fact that productive MSEs are one of the important parts of economic growth at the national level. The theoretical analysis indicates that there are various determinants (barriers) to explain the reason for the little or no credit access capacity of MSEs: information asymmetry, transaction costs, political instability, risks, guarantees, etc. prove that the ultimate purpose of the barriers is the guarantee. For this, a Binomial Logit econometric model is used, which helps us to prove that the determinants of guarantees are summarized in the barriers already mentioned. On the other hand, this work also seeks to answer whether guarantees, as a further purpose, facilitate access to credit for MYPES. Given the global situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, within the empirical analysis, we experiment with the Reactiva Perú program. This program, unprecedented in Peru, is special because the State works as a guarantor before the municipal banks and savings banks, covering up to 98% of the guarantee of the MYPES. The empirical analysis of recent months shows that interest rates are significantly reduced to 4.3% and the supply of credit grows up to 38%, all thanks to the Reactiva Perú program. The first conclusion of the present work is that the guarantee is the ulterior end of the determinants of access to credit. The second conclusion that is presented is that by collapsing the guarantee barrier (State as guarantor) the MYPES can access credit in such a way that their productive capacity is not limited for economic growth.
In Peru, over the years, credit rates reach figures that are around 35% for MYPES. This problem afflicts small and micro enterprises in such a way that they cannot reach their maximum productivity due to their little or no ability to access credit, despite the fact that productive MSEs are one of the important parts of economic growth at the national level. The theoretical analysis indicates that there are various determinants (barriers) to explain the reason for the little or no credit access capacity of MSEs: information asymmetry, transaction costs, political instability, risks, guarantees, etc. prove that the ultimate purpose of the barriers is the guarantee. For this, a Binomial Logit econometric model is used, which helps us to prove that the determinants of guarantees are summarized in the barriers already mentioned. On the other hand, this work also seeks to answer whether guarantees, as a further purpose, facilitate access to credit for MYPES. Given the global situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, within the empirical analysis, we experiment with the Reactiva Perú program. This program, unprecedented in Peru, is special because the State works as a guarantor before the municipal banks and savings banks, covering up to 98% of the guarantee of the MYPES. The empirical analysis of recent months shows that interest rates are significantly reduced to 4.3% and the supply of credit grows up to 38%, all thanks to the Reactiva Perú program. The first conclusion of the present work is that the guarantee is the ulterior end of the determinants of access to credit. The second conclusion that is presented is that by collapsing the guarantee barrier (State as guarantor) the MYPES can access credit in such a way that their productive capacity is not limited for economic growth.
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Crédito--Perú, Pequeñas y medianas empresas--Perú, Ayuda gubernamental--Perú
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