La extinción de estados por la pérdida de su territorio como consecuencia de la elevación del nivel del mar: hacia el surgimiento de un nuevo sujeto de derecho internacional
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2023-07-14
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El aumento del nivel del mar como efecto adverso del cambio climático afecta a Estados
insulares o archipelágicos, los cuales se caracterizan por tener una baja altitud y que podrían
ver inmersos sus territorios terrestres de manera parcial o total. Tal es la magnitud del
problema que la Comisión de Derecho Internacional ha incluido como materia de estudio las
implicancias de este efecto en relación con la condición de Estado, destacando alternativas
de solución no taxativas. Por dicha razón, la presente investigación busca abordar un
problema jurídico desde la perspectiva de la subjetividad internacional referido a qué pasaría
en aquellos supuestos en que un Estado ve su territorio inmerso por el nivel del mar; si, en
dicho contexto, (i) se extinguiría el Estado, (ii) si habría soluciones adecuadas para mantener
la condición de Estado, o, (iii) si, de aceptarse la extinción, habría una solución ex-post
enfocada en alguna necesidad de la Comunidad Internacional. Nuestra hipótesis es que, en
el supuesto que un Estado vea inmerso su territorio de manera total o si el mismo resultase
totalmente inhabitable, en el estado actual del Derecho Internacional se produciría la extinción
del Estado; no obstante, en ese escenario, una posibilidad que se propone en la investigación
es el surgimiento de un nuevo sujeto de Derecho Internacional sin territorio, que reemplace
al Estado extinto y que tenga una actividad internacional enfocada en la lucha contra el
cambio climático. Para tal fin, se ha tomado como ejemplo histórico el caso de la Orden de
Malta.
Sea level rise as an adverse effect of climate change affects island or archipelagic States, which are characterized by a low altitude and could see their land territories partially or totally submerged. Such is the magnitude of the problem that the International Law Commission has included as a matter of study the implications of this effect in relation to statehood, highlighting non-exhaustive alternative solutions. For this reason, the present research seeks to address a legal problem from the perspective of international subjectivity referred to what would happen in those cases in which a State sees its territory immersed by the sea level; if, in such a context, (i) the State would be extinguished, (ii) if there would be adequate solutions to maintain the State status, or, (iii) if, if the extinction is accepted, there would be an ex post solution focused on some need of the International Community. Our hypothesis is that, in the event that a State sees its territory totally submerged or if it becomes totally uninhabitable, in the current state of International Law the State would become extinct; however, in that scenario, one possibility proposed in the research is the emergence of a new subject of International Law without territory, which replaces the extinct State and which has an international activity focused on the fight against climate change. For this purpose, the case of the Order of Malta has been taken as a historical example.
Sea level rise as an adverse effect of climate change affects island or archipelagic States, which are characterized by a low altitude and could see their land territories partially or totally submerged. Such is the magnitude of the problem that the International Law Commission has included as a matter of study the implications of this effect in relation to statehood, highlighting non-exhaustive alternative solutions. For this reason, the present research seeks to address a legal problem from the perspective of international subjectivity referred to what would happen in those cases in which a State sees its territory immersed by the sea level; if, in such a context, (i) the State would be extinguished, (ii) if there would be adequate solutions to maintain the State status, or, (iii) if, if the extinction is accepted, there would be an ex post solution focused on some need of the International Community. Our hypothesis is that, in the event that a State sees its territory totally submerged or if it becomes totally uninhabitable, in the current state of International Law the State would become extinct; however, in that scenario, one possibility proposed in the research is the emergence of a new subject of International Law without territory, which replaces the extinct State and which has an international activity focused on the fight against climate change. For this purpose, the case of the Order of Malta has been taken as a historical example.
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Derecho internacional, Cambio climático, Territorio nacional--Aspectos legales
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