La problemática de la obtención de autorizaciones de uso de terrenos superficiales para el desarrollo de actividades mineras en el Perú : El caso Unidad Minera Inmaculada
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2021-08-31
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En el Perú la minería peruana representa el principal sector productivo; ello como consecuencia
de los aportes que contribuye dicha industria a favor del Perú. Sin embargo, en la actualidad,
no existe una regulación minera idónea, respecto de las negociaciones directas celebradas con
los propietarios de los terrenos superficiales, que en la mayoría de los casos son comunidades
campesinas, pueblos originarios o indígenas, para el desarrollo de actividades mineras en el
Perú. En primera instancia, al no existir parámetros que determinen una negociación segura
jurídicamente, es necesario crear una regulación adecuada para fomentar la inversión minera
en el Perú. Ante este escenario poco atractivo para el inversionista o empresa minera, cabe
señalar que el principal problema que deben de resolver y que nace como una interrogante es
el siguiente: ¿Por qué los contratos de otorgamiento de derechos superficiales celebrados entre
las empresas mineras y las comunidades campesinas o pueblos originarios no se llegan a
concretar o cerrar por completo si se recibe una compensación económica por el desmedro
ocasionado? En este trabajo de investigación, se estudiaron los casos de la Unidad Minera
Inmaculada, la Unidad Minera Las Bambas, el Proyecto Michiquillay y el Proyecto Conga con
la finalidad de realizar una comparación en relación con los problemas sociales y de orden
jurídico para la obtención de autorizaciones de derechos superficiales para desarrollar
actividades mineras. Asimismo, identificar cual es la motivación de los actores que intervienen
en el proceso de conflictos sociales, y cuáles son los intereses que persiguen cada uno de los
intervinientes. La problemática de la negociación de tierras en la Unidad Minera Inmaculada
no solo se debe a la responsabilidad que podrían tener las partes intervinientes que son, en este
caso de estudio, los posesionarios del Anexo de Huancute y Compañía Minera Ares S.A.C. (en
adelante “CMA”), sino que también la problemática se deriva de la limitada intervención que
ha tenido el Estado Peruano en este conflicto social que, si bien es cierto, participó activamente
en las mesas de diálogo durante toda la etapa del conflicto social, no ha evidenciado su
participación en la etapa de cumplimiento de los acuerdos arribados por las partes.
Consideramos que la falta de institucionalidad y poca determinación para imponer el imperio
legal es una debilidad reiterativa que demuestra el Estado en la mayoría de los conflictos
sociales que ocurren en el Perú, como el caso Las Bambas, Tía María, Michikillay y
Toromocho.
In Peru, Peruvian mining represents the main productive sector; this as a consequence of the contributions that said industry contributes in favor of Peru. However, at present, there is no suitable mining regulation, regarding the direct negotiations held with the owners of surface lands, which in most cases are peasant communities, native or indigenous peoples, for the development of mining activities. in Peru. In the first instance, since there are no parameters that determine a legally secure negotiation, it is necessary to create an adequate regulation to promote mining investment in Peru. Faced with this unattractive scenario for the investor or mining company, it should be noted that the main problem that they must solve and that arises as a question is the following: ¿Why are the contracts for the granting of surface rights entered into between mining companies and communities peasants or native peoples do not come to fruition or close completely if they receive financial compensation for the loss caused? In this research work, the cases of the Inmaculada Mining Unit, the Las Bambas Mining Unit, the Michiquillay Project and the Conga Project were studied in order to make a comparison in relation to social and legal problems to obtain surface rights authorizations to develop mining activities. Likewise, identify what is the motivation of the actors involved in the process of social conflicts, and what are the interests pursued by each of the intervening parties. The problem of land negotiation in the Immaculate Mining Unit is not only due to the responsibility that the intervening parties could have, which are, in this case study, the possessors of the Annex of Huancute and Compañía Minera Ares S.A.C., but also the problem is derived of the limited intervention that the Peruvian State has had in this social conflict, which, although it is true, actively participated in the dialogue tables throughout the stage of the social conflict, has not evidenced its participation in the stage of compliance with the agreements reached by the parties. We consider that the lack of institutionality and little determination to impose legal rule is a reiterative weakness that the State demonstrates in most of the social conflicts that occur in Peru, such as the Las Bambas, Tía María, Michikillay and Toromocho cases.
In Peru, Peruvian mining represents the main productive sector; this as a consequence of the contributions that said industry contributes in favor of Peru. However, at present, there is no suitable mining regulation, regarding the direct negotiations held with the owners of surface lands, which in most cases are peasant communities, native or indigenous peoples, for the development of mining activities. in Peru. In the first instance, since there are no parameters that determine a legally secure negotiation, it is necessary to create an adequate regulation to promote mining investment in Peru. Faced with this unattractive scenario for the investor or mining company, it should be noted that the main problem that they must solve and that arises as a question is the following: ¿Why are the contracts for the granting of surface rights entered into between mining companies and communities peasants or native peoples do not come to fruition or close completely if they receive financial compensation for the loss caused? In this research work, the cases of the Inmaculada Mining Unit, the Las Bambas Mining Unit, the Michiquillay Project and the Conga Project were studied in order to make a comparison in relation to social and legal problems to obtain surface rights authorizations to develop mining activities. Likewise, identify what is the motivation of the actors involved in the process of social conflicts, and what are the interests pursued by each of the intervening parties. The problem of land negotiation in the Immaculate Mining Unit is not only due to the responsibility that the intervening parties could have, which are, in this case study, the possessors of the Annex of Huancute and Compañía Minera Ares S.A.C., but also the problem is derived of the limited intervention that the Peruvian State has had in this social conflict, which, although it is true, actively participated in the dialogue tables throughout the stage of the social conflict, has not evidenced its participation in the stage of compliance with the agreements reached by the parties. We consider that the lack of institutionality and little determination to impose legal rule is a reiterative weakness that the State demonstrates in most of the social conflicts that occur in Peru, such as the Las Bambas, Tía María, Michikillay and Toromocho cases.
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Industria minera--Perú--Ayacucho, Conflicto social--Perú--Ayacucho, Uso de la tierra--Perú--Ayacucho