Política, poder y democracia en el proceso de producción del discurso de la entrevista política de televisión en vivo: el caso “Todo se Sabe”
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Date
2019-01-21
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Sobre la base del modelo de Análisis Crítico del Discurso de Fairclough (1992), se
aborda la entrevista política de televisión en vivo —desde el caso de televisión por cable
Todo se Sabe, programa peruano de entrevistas políticas, de emisión diaria y en vivo, en
sus emisiones del 04 al 08 de diciembre del 2017—, como una práctica social respecto de
la cual se desentrañará el proceso de producción del discurso, poniendo especial énfasis en
el desempeño del(a) entrevistador(a) político(a). Asimismo, se investigará de qué manera
dicho proceso de producción encarna los conceptos de política, poder y democracia. Para
tal fin, se propone un método de estudio basado en cuatro factores de análisis: temporalcuantitativo,
lógico-argumentativo, de pertinencia informativa, y de interacción y
comunicación, los que indagan por parámetros mínimos que, según muestran los estudios
sobre la materia, debe satisfacer la entrevista política concebida bajo las garantías de un
Estado democrático.
Como resultado, los hallazgos del caso Todo se Sabe muestran una entrevista
política de televisión en vivo que difiere, sustancialmente, de la naturaleza de la práctica
social conceptualizada desde diversos ámbitos del conocimiento (teoría política, estudios
de periodismo, sociología lingüística), reconfigurándola, a la par que se divorcia del
despliegue de competencias que los entendidos sobre la materia consideran son las
requeridas para el desarrollo de entrevistas eficaces que cumplan con su función social.
Así, el proceso de producción identificado muestra a una entrevistadora que se posiciona
como la protagonista de la interacción (en desmedro de la persona entrevistada, así como
de la audiencia), y que se constituye como una agente que hace política y ejerce poder,
ambos en contravención de las garantías de la democracia que, normativamente, conciben
a la entrevista política como una práctica social neutral y objetiva, de gran potencial para
el avance y mejor desarrollo del debate público, lo que es desvirtuado por el caso materia
de estudio.
Based on Faircough’s model of Critical Analysis of Discourse (1992), this work approaches to live television political interview —from the cable television case of Todo se Sabe, a Peruvian program of political interviews, aired live and daily, during its transmissions of December 04-08, 2017— as a social practice whose discourse production process will be disentangled, putting special emphasis on the political interviewer’s performance. Likewise, it will be investigated in what way this production process embodies the concepts of politics, power and democracy. For this purpose, a study method based on four analysis factors is proposed: temporal-quantitative, logical-argumentative, informative pertinency, and interaction and communication, which inquire for minimal parameters that, according to the studies on the subject, a political interview, conceived under the guarantees of a democratic state, must satisfy. As a result, the findings of the Todo se Sabe case show a live television political interview that differs, substantially, from the nature of social practice conceptualized by various fields of knowledge (political theory, journalism studies, sociolinguistics), reconfiguring it, while it divorces from the deployment of competences that the experts on the matter consider are those required for the development of effective interviews that fulfill their social function. Thus, the identified production process shows an interviewer who positions herself as the interaction’s protagonist (to the detriment of the person interviewed, as well as the audience), and who constitutes an agent who makes politics and exercises power, both in contravention of the guarantees of democracy that, normatively, conceive the political interview as a neutral and objective social practice, of great potential for the advancement and better development of the public debate, all of which is distorted by the case under study.
Based on Faircough’s model of Critical Analysis of Discourse (1992), this work approaches to live television political interview —from the cable television case of Todo se Sabe, a Peruvian program of political interviews, aired live and daily, during its transmissions of December 04-08, 2017— as a social practice whose discourse production process will be disentangled, putting special emphasis on the political interviewer’s performance. Likewise, it will be investigated in what way this production process embodies the concepts of politics, power and democracy. For this purpose, a study method based on four analysis factors is proposed: temporal-quantitative, logical-argumentative, informative pertinency, and interaction and communication, which inquire for minimal parameters that, according to the studies on the subject, a political interview, conceived under the guarantees of a democratic state, must satisfy. As a result, the findings of the Todo se Sabe case show a live television political interview that differs, substantially, from the nature of social practice conceptualized by various fields of knowledge (political theory, journalism studies, sociolinguistics), reconfiguring it, while it divorces from the deployment of competences that the experts on the matter consider are those required for the development of effective interviews that fulfill their social function. Thus, the identified production process shows an interviewer who positions herself as the interaction’s protagonist (to the detriment of the person interviewed, as well as the audience), and who constitutes an agent who makes politics and exercises power, both in contravention of the guarantees of democracy that, normatively, conceive the political interview as a neutral and objective social practice, of great potential for the advancement and better development of the public debate, all of which is distorted by the case under study.
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Keywords
Programas de entrevistas de televisión--Perú, Televisión y política--Perú, Análisis crítico del discurso
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