Estudios sobre relaciones intergrupales, identidades colectivas e ideología política en dos regiones del Perú
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2017-08-10
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Resumen
La investigación sobre las identidades colectivas en Perú evidencia un vacío en el
análisis de procesos identitarios sub-nacionales, así como en el estudio de la relación entre las
identidades regionales y la identidad nacional. El contexto intergrupal en el que se desarrollan
estos procesos da cuenta de cómo las relaciones entre grupos sociales comprenden categorías
sociales de alto y bajo estatus por razones étnico-raciales, de cercanía al poder, entre otras.
Así, la presente tesis tuvo como objetivo general estudiar la relación entre las identidades
colectivas, las relaciones intergrupales y la ideología política en dos regiones geográficas del
Perú: Lima y Ayacucho. Se realizaron dos estudios cualitativos en el marco de la Teoría de
las Representaciones Sociales, uno de ellos con grupos focales (n=26) cuyo objetivo fue
explorar las narrativas de jóvenes limeños en torno a la sociedad peruana y la identidad
nacional, y otro con entrevistas en profundidad a limeños y ayacuchanos (n=31) con el
objetivo de profundizar en las identidades regionales y las relaciones intergrupales entre
ambas regiones. El tercer estudio, de tipo correlacional con muestras de ambas regiones
(n=809), buscó analizar la naturaleza de la relación entre las variables de interés y describir
de modo integrado la ruta que sigue la configuración de la identidad nacional, poniendo en
evidencia tanto aspectos comunes de la representación sobre el ser peruano, así como en las
particularidades regionales de dicha representación.
Los resultados tanto cualitativos como cuantitativos establecen discrepancias en la
conformación de las identidades colectivas, y confirman el rol de la ideología política y las
relaciones intergrupales en dicha conformación. Las discrepancias aludidas se evidencian
como un conjunto de combinatorias entre variables que se presentan diferenciadas por región;
lo anterior corroboraría la susceptibilidad de los componentes implicados en la constitución
de las identidades nacionales a las condiciones sociales e históricas específicas del país y de
cada grupo regional.
Finalmente, el análisis integrado de los tres estudios confirma la relevancia de
considerar modelos complejos que den cuenta de las diferencias regionales en la
configuración de las identidades locales y de la identidad nacional peruana, así como la
interrelación entre diversas variables que han demostrado tener un efecto en la constitución
de estos procesos identitarios y las dinámicas intergrupales que se derivan de los mismos.
Research on collective identities in Peru shows a lack of analysis of local/regional identity processes, as well as lack of analysis of the relationship between regional and national identities. The social context in which local/regional identities and intergroup processes take place is defined by power assimetries where ethnic-racial, social, regional among other characteristics, might be used to comprise the Peruvian society in high and lowstatus social categories. Under this escenary, the main research objective is to understand the relationship between collective identities, intergroup relations and political ideology in two geographic regions of Peru: Lima and Ayacucho. To accomplish this objective, three studies were conducted. First and second studies were qualitative research designs framed on the Theory of Social Reprentations. Specifically, the first study consisted of focus groups (n=26 participants), whose objective was to explore the narratives of young Limenians about Peruvian society and national identity. The second study consisted of in-depth interviews with young people from Lima and Ayacucho (n=31 participants), whose objective was to describe in-depth contents related to regional identities and the intergroup relations between Lima and Ayacucho. The third study consisted of a quantitative correlational research design (n=809) that analysed the relationahip between local/regional identity, perception of intergroup relations, political ideology among others. This study also described and analyzed an integrative structural model of the relations mentioned above in order to explain how these relations derive in the national identity highlighting both common aspects of the representation of being Peruvian (Ser Peruano), as well as the regional particularities of this meaning. Both qualitative and quantitative results establish discrepancies between Lima and Ayacucho in the conformation of collective identities and confirmed the role of political ideology and intergroup relations in this conformation. The mentioned differences evidenced a set of combinatory between variables that are differentiated by region. This relation would corroborate the susceptibility of the components involved in the constitution of national identities to specific social and historical conditions of the country and each regional group. Finally, the integration of the three studies confirmed the relevance of considering complex models that account for the regional differences in the configuration of local identities and Peruvian national identity. The interrelationship among several variables that have been shown to have an effect on the constitution of these identity processes and the intergroup dynamics that derive from them.
Research on collective identities in Peru shows a lack of analysis of local/regional identity processes, as well as lack of analysis of the relationship between regional and national identities. The social context in which local/regional identities and intergroup processes take place is defined by power assimetries where ethnic-racial, social, regional among other characteristics, might be used to comprise the Peruvian society in high and lowstatus social categories. Under this escenary, the main research objective is to understand the relationship between collective identities, intergroup relations and political ideology in two geographic regions of Peru: Lima and Ayacucho. To accomplish this objective, three studies were conducted. First and second studies were qualitative research designs framed on the Theory of Social Reprentations. Specifically, the first study consisted of focus groups (n=26 participants), whose objective was to explore the narratives of young Limenians about Peruvian society and national identity. The second study consisted of in-depth interviews with young people from Lima and Ayacucho (n=31 participants), whose objective was to describe in-depth contents related to regional identities and the intergroup relations between Lima and Ayacucho. The third study consisted of a quantitative correlational research design (n=809) that analysed the relationahip between local/regional identity, perception of intergroup relations, political ideology among others. This study also described and analyzed an integrative structural model of the relations mentioned above in order to explain how these relations derive in the national identity highlighting both common aspects of the representation of being Peruvian (Ser Peruano), as well as the regional particularities of this meaning. Both qualitative and quantitative results establish discrepancies between Lima and Ayacucho in the conformation of collective identities and confirmed the role of political ideology and intergroup relations in this conformation. The mentioned differences evidenced a set of combinatory between variables that are differentiated by region. This relation would corroborate the susceptibility of the components involved in the constitution of national identities to specific social and historical conditions of the country and each regional group. Finally, the integration of the three studies confirmed the relevance of considering complex models that account for the regional differences in the configuration of local identities and Peruvian national identity. The interrelationship among several variables that have been shown to have an effect on the constitution of these identity processes and the intergroup dynamics that derive from them.
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Identidad nacional, Relaciones intergrupales, Ideología política, Representaciones sociales
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