Asignación de persona jurídica de derecho privado a las Instituciones Educativas Privadas: ¿Requiere de su inscripción en Registros Públicos para su reconocimiento como persona jurídica?
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Date
2024-04-19
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La educación, como servicio público, en el nivel de educación básica regular, especial y
alternativo, es ofertado tanto por instituciones educativas públicas como por instituciones
educativas privadas, siendo estas últimas consideradas como empresas educativas, porque
requieren de la organización de una o más personas que aporten bienes y/o servicios para
brindar este servicio, previa autorización otorgada por el Ministerio de Educación, luego
de la verificación de cumplimiento de requisitos y condiciones de calidad.
Esta prestación se concreta con la vinculación de las partes a través de un contrato de
educación, tema poco estudiado y escasamente legislado, pues la -ahora derogada- Ley
General de Educación, Ley n.° 28044 (y sus antecesores) no han previsto un marco
regulatorio para tal fin; y, ante ese vacío, adquiere representatividad las normas del
derecho de protección del consumidor, a través de INDECOPI, precisamente para cautelar
los intereses del consumidor (estudiante) y del contratante del servicio (padre, tutor o
apoderado).
Esta protección es de especial importancia porque, para alcanzarla, primero se debe
conocer el estatus jurídico que detenta la empresa educativa; esto implica conocer su
capacidad jurídica para determinar la manera en que ésta se responsabilizará frente a los
terceros; por ello, lo que motiva el presente trabajo es analizar el momento en que se
debería reconocer la personalidad jurídica de la empresa educativa, como personas
jurídicas de derecho privado.
Como quiera que, de acuerdo con lo investigado, encontraremos opiniones contrarias
respecto del momento en que la empresa educativa adquiere la personalidad jurídica, se
analizará la normativa que regula a las personas jurídicas de derecho público versus la
norma que regula a las de derecho privado; y así, opinar si se requiere de inscripciones
adicionales (en el Registro Público) para tal reconocimiento.
Asimismo, nos enfrentamos a un escenario confuso en cuanto a la asignación de
personalidad jurídica de la institución educativa de gestión privada que existía con
anterioridad a la vigencia de la actual LGE, ello nos obliga a hacer un parte aguas desde
lo dispuesto por el artículo 72° de la vigente LGE, debiendo dividir en dos grupos a las
instituciones educativas: las que existían con anterioridad y las que están por crearse;
pero, también encontraremos un sistema de creación de empresa (con un objeto bien
delimitado) y autorización de funcionamiento que podría aplicarse al caso de las
instituciones educativas; esto es, la Ley del Sistema Financiero que nos proporciona una
estructura afín pues organiza el procedimiento en etapas, convirtiendo a la
Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP a ejercer actos de supervisión y control desde
el génesis de la empresa.
Education, as a public service, at the regular, special and alternative basic education level, is offered by both public and private educational institutions, the latter being considered as educational companies, because they require the organization of one or more persons who provide goods and/or services to provide this service, prior authorization granted by the Ministry of Education, after verification of compliance with quality requirements and conditions. This provision is materialized with the linking of the parties through an education contract, a subject little studied and scarcely legislated, since the -now repealed- General Education Law, Law No. 28044 (and its predecessors) have not provided a regulatory framework for such purpose; and, in view of this void, the rules of consumer protection law, through INDECOPI, become representative, precisely to safeguard the interests of the consumer (student) and the contracting party of the service (parent, guardian or attorney-in-fact). This protection is of special importance because, in order to achieve it, it is first necessary to know the legal status of the educational company; this implies knowing its legal capacity to determine the way in which it will be liable before third parties; therefore, what motivates the present work is to analyze the moment in which the legal personality of the educational company should be recognized, as legal persons of private law. Since, according to what has been investigated, we will find contrary opinions regarding the moment in which the educational company acquires legal personality, we will analyze the rules that regulate legal persons under public law versus the rules that regulate those under private law; and thus, we will analyze whether additional registrations (in the Public Registry) are required for such recognition. Likewise, we are faced with a confusing scenario in relation to the assignment of legal status to privately managed educational institutions that existed prior to the enactment of the current LGE, which forces us to take a look at the provisions of Article 72 of the current LGE, dividing educational institutions into two groups: those that existed before 7 and those that are about to be created; however, we will also find a system of company creation (with a well-defined purpose) and operating authorization that could be applied to the case of educational institutions; that is, the Financial System Law, which provides us with a similar structure since it organizes the procedure in stages, making the Superintendence of Banking, Insurance and AFP to exercise acts of supervision and control from the genesis of the company.
Education, as a public service, at the regular, special and alternative basic education level, is offered by both public and private educational institutions, the latter being considered as educational companies, because they require the organization of one or more persons who provide goods and/or services to provide this service, prior authorization granted by the Ministry of Education, after verification of compliance with quality requirements and conditions. This provision is materialized with the linking of the parties through an education contract, a subject little studied and scarcely legislated, since the -now repealed- General Education Law, Law No. 28044 (and its predecessors) have not provided a regulatory framework for such purpose; and, in view of this void, the rules of consumer protection law, through INDECOPI, become representative, precisely to safeguard the interests of the consumer (student) and the contracting party of the service (parent, guardian or attorney-in-fact). This protection is of special importance because, in order to achieve it, it is first necessary to know the legal status of the educational company; this implies knowing its legal capacity to determine the way in which it will be liable before third parties; therefore, what motivates the present work is to analyze the moment in which the legal personality of the educational company should be recognized, as legal persons of private law. Since, according to what has been investigated, we will find contrary opinions regarding the moment in which the educational company acquires legal personality, we will analyze the rules that regulate legal persons under public law versus the rules that regulate those under private law; and thus, we will analyze whether additional registrations (in the Public Registry) are required for such recognition. Likewise, we are faced with a confusing scenario in relation to the assignment of legal status to privately managed educational institutions that existed prior to the enactment of the current LGE, which forces us to take a look at the provisions of Article 72 of the current LGE, dividing educational institutions into two groups: those that existed before 7 and those that are about to be created; however, we will also find a system of company creation (with a well-defined purpose) and operating authorization that could be applied to the case of educational institutions; that is, the Financial System Law, which provides us with a similar structure since it organizes the procedure in stages, making the Superintendence of Banking, Insurance and AFP to exercise acts of supervision and control from the genesis of the company.
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Keywords
Protección del consumidor--Legislación--Perú, Personas jurídicas--Perú, Derecho registral--Perú, Derecho civil--Legislación--Perú, Educación privada--Perú
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