Aplicación de la enzima ureasa en la estabilización de suelos y la auto-reparación de matrices empleadas en impresión 3D
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2024-02-07
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Aún con los constantes avances en la industria de la construcción, existen puntos clave que
continúan siendo relevantes en la toma de decisiones para el diseño y ejecución de un proyecto.
Puntos como la selección de un suelo apropiado para cada tipo de proyecto. Ahora bien, uno
de los principales impedimentos está relacionado a no poder obtenerse un suelo adecuado que
permita garantizar la estabilidad y durabilidad que se requiere. Si a esta problemática le
añadimos que, la constante demanda en infraestructura a nivel mundial exige a su vez un
incremento en la demanda del hormigón, cuya producción contribuye en la emisión de gases
de efecto invernadero y alternativas como la implementación de impresión 3D aplicada a la
industria de la construcción introduce varios retos de ingeniería desde el punto de vista de los
materiales. La búsqueda de una manera apropiada de estabilizar el suelo, así como poder
generar la capacidad de auto-reparación en los elementos impresos, se traduce en una necesidad
que requiere pronta atención. Esta tesis propone el desarrollo de una metodología para
estabilizar el suelo y para auto-reparar matrices empleadas en impresión 3D catalizadas por la
enzima ureasa. De los resultados adquiridos para la estabilización de suelos, la evaluación de
durabilidad frente a la erosión por agua nos indicó que la mezcla de suelo modificado con
CaCl2-urea con concentración equimolar de 1 M y solución enzimática de 5 U, presenta una
pérdida de masa de sólo el 18.35 %, en comparación con la erosión completa de la muestra en
el agua en el caso de la mezcla de suelo con agua. Por su parte, el ensayo de compresión indicó
que el uso de una solución enzimática afectó negativamente a las propiedades mecánicas del
material con un nivel de resistencia a la compresión inferior de 35.5 % con respecto al de las
muestras no estabilizadas. Por otro lado, los resultados adquiridos luego del proceso de
reparación para el caso de matrices de suelo muestran que los defectos intervenidos se pudieron
rellenar casi por completo, aunque se evidencia la presencia de erosión debido a la inestabilidad
de la propia matriz de suelo frente al contenido líquido propio de la solución enzimática. Lo
cual no se evidencia en matrices cementicias, donde los defectos se repararon sin evidencia de
erosión. Finalmente, el ensayo de compresión en las muestras auto-reparadas indicó que, el uso
de una solución enzimática afectó negativamente a las propiedades mecánicas de matrices de
suelo. Esto debido a la erosión mencionada con anterioridad al aplicarse la solución enzimática
directamente. Por su parte, el uso de una solución enzimática logra mantener las propiedades
mecánicas de matrices cementicias, donde se alcanza un valor idéntico en resistencia a la
compresión con respecto al de las muestras intervenidas.
Even with the constant advances in the construction industry, there are crucial points that continue to be relevant in the decision-making process for the design and execution of a project. Points such as the selection of an appropriate soil for each type of project. However, one of the main impediments is related to not being able to obtain adequate soil to guarantee the required stability and durability. If we add to this problem that the constant demand for infrastructure worldwide requires an increase in the demand for concrete, whose production contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases, and alternatives such as the implementation of 3D printing applied to the construction industry introduce several engineering challenges from the point of view of materials. The search for an appropriate way to stabilize the soil, as well as to be able to generate the capacity of self-healing in the printed elements, translates into a need that requires early attention. This thesis proposes the development of a methodology to stabilize soil and to self-repair matrices used in 3D printing catalyzed by the enzyme urease. From the results acquired for soil stabilization, the evaluation of durability against water erosion indicated that the soil mixture modified with CaCl2-urea with equimolar concentration of 1 M and 5 U enzyme solution, presents a mass loss of only 18.35 %. In comparison with the complete erosion of the sample in water in the case of the soil-water mixture. The compression test indicated that the use of an enzyme solution negatively affected the mechanical properties of the material with a level of compressive strength 35.5 % lower than that of the non-stabilized samples. On the other hand, the results obtained after the repair process for the case of soil matrices show that the intervened defects could be almost filled, although the presence of erosion is evidenced due to the instability of the soil matrix itself against the liquid content of the enzymatic solution. This is not evident in cementitious matrices, where the defects were repaired without evidence of erosion. Finally, the compression test on the self-repaired samples indicated that the use of an enzyme solution negatively affected the mechanical properties of soil matrices. This was due to the previously mentioned erosion when the enzyme solution was applied directly. However, the use of an enzymatic solution did not show a significant increase in the mechanical properties of cementitious matrices, where an identical value in compressive strength was achieved with respect to that of the treated samples.
Even with the constant advances in the construction industry, there are crucial points that continue to be relevant in the decision-making process for the design and execution of a project. Points such as the selection of an appropriate soil for each type of project. However, one of the main impediments is related to not being able to obtain adequate soil to guarantee the required stability and durability. If we add to this problem that the constant demand for infrastructure worldwide requires an increase in the demand for concrete, whose production contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases, and alternatives such as the implementation of 3D printing applied to the construction industry introduce several engineering challenges from the point of view of materials. The search for an appropriate way to stabilize the soil, as well as to be able to generate the capacity of self-healing in the printed elements, translates into a need that requires early attention. This thesis proposes the development of a methodology to stabilize soil and to self-repair matrices used in 3D printing catalyzed by the enzyme urease. From the results acquired for soil stabilization, the evaluation of durability against water erosion indicated that the soil mixture modified with CaCl2-urea with equimolar concentration of 1 M and 5 U enzyme solution, presents a mass loss of only 18.35 %. In comparison with the complete erosion of the sample in water in the case of the soil-water mixture. The compression test indicated that the use of an enzyme solution negatively affected the mechanical properties of the material with a level of compressive strength 35.5 % lower than that of the non-stabilized samples. On the other hand, the results obtained after the repair process for the case of soil matrices show that the intervened defects could be almost filled, although the presence of erosion is evidenced due to the instability of the soil matrix itself against the liquid content of the enzymatic solution. This is not evident in cementitious matrices, where the defects were repaired without evidence of erosion. Finally, the compression test on the self-repaired samples indicated that the use of an enzyme solution negatively affected the mechanical properties of soil matrices. This was due to the previously mentioned erosion when the enzyme solution was applied directly. However, the use of an enzymatic solution did not show a significant increase in the mechanical properties of cementitious matrices, where an identical value in compressive strength was achieved with respect to that of the treated samples.
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Estabilización de suelos, Impresión tridimensional, Materiales--Propiedades mecánicas
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