Inmediación: de la percepción directa a la cognición del juez un análisis desde la psicología cognitiva
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Date
2023-06-16
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La inmediación es una de las instituciones más citadas por la doctrina procesal civil del
civil law, sin embargo, en pleno siglo XXI se sigue sin incorporar una óptica
interdisciplinaria. Por ello, este trabajo tiene por objeto proponer una nueva concepción
del principio de inmediación centrada en la cognición del juez y acorde a los avances de
la psicología cognitiva. Se propone dejar atrás la concepción tradicional centrada en la
percepción directa del juez y acercarse a los orígenes de la institución, que fue
formulada por Jeremy Bentham en el siglo XVIII empleando cierto trasfondo cognitivo.
La preocupación de Jeremy Bentham por la cognición del juez habría dado paso a la
creación de la regla de la no delegación y la regla de la identidad, ambas relacionadas
a la concepción tradicional de la inmediación. Sin embargo, debido a una corriente de
autores que abogaron por la vigencia de la oralidad en el proceso, el enfoque fue
redirigido a emplear la inmediación como argumento a favor de la vigencia del proceso
por audiencias. Actualmente, la institución parece estar retomando su rumbo inicial,
gracias a autores que proponen la creación de reglas adicionales como la regla del fallo
inmediato, la regla de la contigüidad de audiencias, la regla de la protocolización, entre
otras. Por lo cual, se concluye que el principio de inmediación deberá pasar a ser
definido como la cognición necesaria para que el juez pueda dar por aceptadas o
rechazadas las hipótesis formuladas en un proceso.
Inmediación is one of the institutions most cited by the civil procedural doctrine of civil law, however, in the XXI century it still does not incorporate an interdisciplinary perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to propose a new conception of the principle of inmediación focused on the judge's cognition and in accordance with the advances in cognitive psychology. It is proposed to leave behind the traditional conception centered on the judge's direct perception and to approach the origins of the institution, which was formulated by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century using a certain cognitive background. Jeremy Bentham's concern with the judge's cognition would have given way to the creation of the rule of non-delegation and the rule of identity, both related to the traditional conception of immediacy. However, due to a current of authors who advocated the validity of orality in the process, the approach was redirected to use inmediación as an argument in favor of the validity of the process by hearings. Currently, the institution seems to be returning to its initial course, thanks to authors who propose the creation of additional rules such as the rule of immediate ruling, the rule of contiguity of hearings, the rule of notarization, among others. Therefore, it is concluded that the principle of inmediación should be defined as the cognition necessary for the judge to be able to accept or reject the hypotheses formulated in a process.
Inmediación is one of the institutions most cited by the civil procedural doctrine of civil law, however, in the XXI century it still does not incorporate an interdisciplinary perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to propose a new conception of the principle of inmediación focused on the judge's cognition and in accordance with the advances in cognitive psychology. It is proposed to leave behind the traditional conception centered on the judge's direct perception and to approach the origins of the institution, which was formulated by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century using a certain cognitive background. Jeremy Bentham's concern with the judge's cognition would have given way to the creation of the rule of non-delegation and the rule of identity, both related to the traditional conception of immediacy. However, due to a current of authors who advocated the validity of orality in the process, the approach was redirected to use inmediación as an argument in favor of the validity of the process by hearings. Currently, the institution seems to be returning to its initial course, thanks to authors who propose the creation of additional rules such as the rule of immediate ruling, the rule of contiguity of hearings, the rule of notarization, among others. Therefore, it is concluded that the principle of inmediación should be defined as the cognition necessary for the judge to be able to accept or reject the hypotheses formulated in a process.
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Jueces--Perú, Derecho procesal civil--Perú, Derecho--Aspectos psicológicos, Psicología cognitiva
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