Propuesta de una metodología experimental para el diseño de morteros cementicios para aplicación de construcción mediante manufactura aditiva
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2023-10-10
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Durante las últimas décadas, el escaso desarrollo tecnológico que ha experimentado la industria
de la construcción ha dejado en evidencia la necesidad de una pronta actualización. Entre los más
grandes déficits se puede mencionar la baja optimización de la gestión de tiempo, material, así
como económico. Investigadores relacionados al área han encontrado en la Manufactura Aditiva
(AM) una adecuada alternativa para introducir tecnología avanzada en el desarrollo de la
construcción de edificaciones.
De acuerdo con Agarwal et al. (2016), la manufactura aditiva aplicada a la construcción es una
valiosa herramienta que conlleva a importantes mejoras en el ámbito económico y ambiental. Este
novedoso proceso tecnológico se encarga de agilizar la construcción de viviendas a través de la
automatización de sus procesos. Debido a la gran versatilidad de la AM, esta es capaz de colaborar
con procesos como la metodología colaborativa de gestión de proyectos Building Information
Modeling (BIM), Internet de las cosas (IoT) y softwares de mapeo digital de datos. El uso
simultaneo de estas herramientas iniciaría la transición de la construcción hacia la industria 4.0,
optimizando el costo, gestión de tiempo y uso de material durante la ejecución de proyectos.
Por lo tanto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar mezclas de mortero que sean
compatibles con el sistema de manufactura aditiva. Para ello se estudió a profundidad el estado del
arte de la impresión 3D enfocada en la industria de la construcción. Luego, se realizó un resumen
detallado de los sistemas de impresión 3D, procesos de impresión, matrices imprimibles,
propiedades de los materiales y ensayos de caracterización aplicados a la manufactura aditiva de
mortero. Basados en la revisión bibliográfica, se seleccionaron ensayos experimentales de veleta
de corte, estabilidad cilíndrica, extrusión y de constructabilidad para evaluar las propiedades de la
mezcla. En base a dichos ensayos se propusieron protocolos para las distintas etapas del desarrollo
de morteros cementicios imprimibles. Posteriormente, se seleccionó la dosificación que supero
satisfactoriamente todas las etapas y además presento mejor viabilidad económica. Finalmente, se
validó la mezcla mediante la impresión de elementos con patrón de relleno complejo.
Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la aplicación de la metodología de evaluación propuesta
logró desarrollar eficientemente cuatro mezclas de mortero compatibles con la impresión 3D.
Además, se demostró que el uso de la tecnología de manufactura aditiva optimiza el proceso
constructivo y brinda mayor flexibilidad en el diseño de elementos no estructurales.
During the last decades, the scarce technological development experienced by the construction industry has made evident the necessity for an early update due to the short optimization of time and budget that the industry is currently undergoing. Researchers related to the area have found Additive Manufacturing (AM) as a suitable alternative to introduce the automated use of technology in the construction of structures. According to Agarwal et al. (2016), additive manufacturing applied to construction is a valuable tool that generates economic and environmental benefits. This modern technological process is responsible for the automation of housing construction. In addition, the versatility of AM allows it to be compatible with innovative processes such as collaborative project management methodology Building Information Modeling (BIM), the Internet of Things (IoT), and digital data mapping software. Therefore, Additive Manufacturing is the construction sector transition to Industry 4.0, directly optimizing project costs, the material used, and material loss during project execution. Therefore, the present research aims to develop mortar mixtures compatible with the additive manufacturing system. For this purpose, the state of the art of 3D concrete printing focused on the construction industry was studied. Then, a detailed summary of 3D printing systems, printing processes, printable matrices, material properties, and characterization tests of the additive manufacturing of mortar was made. Based on the literature review, experimental tests as shape stability, extrudability, buildability and flowability were carried out to evaluate the properties of the mixtures. Using these tests, protocols for obtaining printable cementitious mortars were proposed. Subsequently, the dosage that satisfactorily passed all the stages and was economically viable was selected. Finally, the mixture was validated by printing medium-scale elements. The results show that applying the proposed methodology could efficiently develop four mortar mixtures compatible with 3D printing. One was chosen to validate the dosage by printing a natural scale geometry with a complex fill pattern. It was demonstrated that this technology optimizes the construction process and provides greater flexibility in the design of non-structural elements.
During the last decades, the scarce technological development experienced by the construction industry has made evident the necessity for an early update due to the short optimization of time and budget that the industry is currently undergoing. Researchers related to the area have found Additive Manufacturing (AM) as a suitable alternative to introduce the automated use of technology in the construction of structures. According to Agarwal et al. (2016), additive manufacturing applied to construction is a valuable tool that generates economic and environmental benefits. This modern technological process is responsible for the automation of housing construction. In addition, the versatility of AM allows it to be compatible with innovative processes such as collaborative project management methodology Building Information Modeling (BIM), the Internet of Things (IoT), and digital data mapping software. Therefore, Additive Manufacturing is the construction sector transition to Industry 4.0, directly optimizing project costs, the material used, and material loss during project execution. Therefore, the present research aims to develop mortar mixtures compatible with the additive manufacturing system. For this purpose, the state of the art of 3D concrete printing focused on the construction industry was studied. Then, a detailed summary of 3D printing systems, printing processes, printable matrices, material properties, and characterization tests of the additive manufacturing of mortar was made. Based on the literature review, experimental tests as shape stability, extrudability, buildability and flowability were carried out to evaluate the properties of the mixtures. Using these tests, protocols for obtaining printable cementitious mortars were proposed. Subsequently, the dosage that satisfactorily passed all the stages and was economically viable was selected. Finally, the mixture was validated by printing medium-scale elements. The results show that applying the proposed methodology could efficiently develop four mortar mixtures compatible with 3D printing. One was chosen to validate the dosage by printing a natural scale geometry with a complex fill pattern. It was demonstrated that this technology optimizes the construction process and provides greater flexibility in the design of non-structural elements.
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Mortero (Albañilería), Industria de la construcción--Impresión tridimensional, Cemento--Mezclas--Propiedades