Reformas en la legislación tributaria del sector minero en 2011: Análisis de la Ley de la regalía minera revisada, el impuesto especial a la minería y el gravamen especial a la minería, y su impacto en la dinámica económica
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2024-08-20
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Históricamente se considera al Perú como un país de tradición minera. Esta no
es una afirmación a la ligera, debido a que posee amplia abundancia de recursos
minerales gracias a la presencia de la cordillera de los Andes, la cual recorre todo
el territorio y es la fuente principal de nuestra riqueza mineral. En Perú, todos los
recursos minerales son parte del Patrimonio de la Nación, por lo que se busca
aprovechar los recursos materiales mediante concesiones a privados, y es el Estado
quien se encarga de emitir las reglas de juego y fiscalizar la actividad minera en
todo el territorio. Para la presente investigación resulta de suma importancia
analizar la eficiencia y la forma mediante la cual se recaudan los impuestos del
sector minero. Durante la década 2003-2012 se mantuvo un alza sostenida de los
precios de los commodities en el mercado internacional lo que generó uno de los
periodos de bonanza económica más importantes para el país en los últimos años.
Sin embargo, no se implementaron mecanismos de tributación fiscal alternativos
para poder aprovechar de alguna forma las sobre ganancias de las mineras durante
el mayor auge del precio de los commodities. En este sentido, en la opinión pública
se generó un consenso acerca dela importancia de la participación del Estado
peruano en las ganancias obtenidas por los privados. Se procederá a analizar las
reformas trascendentales del sistema tributario y de regalías mineras efectuadas
durante el principio del gobierno de Ollanta Humala, centrándonos en la Ley No
29788 que modifica la Ley No 28258 de Regalías Mineras. Sin embargo, no se
puede entender el nuevo Régimen Tributario Minero sin relacionar la Ley de la
nueva regalía minera con las normativas que se aplicaron ese mismo año, como la
ley No 29789, que crea el impuesto especial a la minería, así como la ley No 29790
que establece el marco legal del Gravamen Especial a la Minería.
Historically, Peru is considered a country with a mining tradition. This is not a light statement, since it has a wide abundance of mineral resources thanks to the presenceof the Andes Mountain range, which runs through the entire territory and is the main source of our mineral wealth. In Peru, all mineral resources are part of the Nation's patrimony, so the aim is to take advantage of the material resources through concessions to private companies, and it is the State that dictates the rules of the game and supervising the mining activity throughout the territory. For this research it is extremely important to analyse the efficiency and the way in which taxesare collected in the mining sector. During the decade 2003-2012 there was a sustainedrise in commodity prices in the international market, which generated one of the most important periods of economic growth for the country in the last decades. However, the government did not implement alternative taxation mechanisms to take advantageof the excess profits of mining companies during the greatest commodity prices boom.In this sense, a consensus was generated in the public opinion about the importance of the Peruvian State's participation in the profits obtained by the private companies. We will proceed to analyse the transcendental reforms of the tax and mining royalties system carried out during the beginning of the government of Ollanta Humala's, focusing onLaw No. 29788, which modifies Law No. 28258 on Mining Royalties. However, the newMining Tax Regime cannot be understood without relating the new Mining Royalty Lawwith the regulations that were implemented this year, such as Law No. 29789, which creates the special mining tax, as well as Law No. 29790, which establishes the legal framework for the Special Mining Tax.
Historically, Peru is considered a country with a mining tradition. This is not a light statement, since it has a wide abundance of mineral resources thanks to the presenceof the Andes Mountain range, which runs through the entire territory and is the main source of our mineral wealth. In Peru, all mineral resources are part of the Nation's patrimony, so the aim is to take advantage of the material resources through concessions to private companies, and it is the State that dictates the rules of the game and supervising the mining activity throughout the territory. For this research it is extremely important to analyse the efficiency and the way in which taxesare collected in the mining sector. During the decade 2003-2012 there was a sustainedrise in commodity prices in the international market, which generated one of the most important periods of economic growth for the country in the last decades. However, the government did not implement alternative taxation mechanisms to take advantageof the excess profits of mining companies during the greatest commodity prices boom.In this sense, a consensus was generated in the public opinion about the importance of the Peruvian State's participation in the profits obtained by the private companies. We will proceed to analyse the transcendental reforms of the tax and mining royalties system carried out during the beginning of the government of Ollanta Humala's, focusing onLaw No. 29788, which modifies Law No. 28258 on Mining Royalties. However, the newMining Tax Regime cannot be understood without relating the new Mining Royalty Lawwith the regulations that were implemented this year, such as Law No. 29789, which creates the special mining tax, as well as Law No. 29790, which establishes the legal framework for the Special Mining Tax.
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Impuesto--Legislación--Perú, Industria minera--Perú, Perú--Condiciones económicas
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