La prueba de oficio en el proceso penal peruano y su relación con el principio de imparcialidad judicial y el debido proceso
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2024-04-01
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El Código Procesal Penal de 2004, en adelante CPP, está inspirado en el
sistema procesal penal acusatorio, bajo las bases del principio constitucional de
“imparcialidad judicial”, cuya característica fundamental radica en -la no
contaminación del juez con la actuación de la prueba, la cual recae
exclusivamente en las partes procesales. A través de este principio se limita los
poderes del juez con relación a la actuación de la prueba dentro del proceso
penal. Este principio de relevancia constitucional no lo encontramos establecido
en la Constitución Política, lo encontramos incorporado en el derecho al debido
proceso y la tutela judicial efectiva, inciso 3 del artículo 139 de la Constitución,
así como también en los tratados internacionales de los cuales el Perú es parte.
Pese a las características del sistema establecido, este código también prevé
la “prueba de oficio”, regulada como actuación excepcional en el artículo 385 del
CPP. Surge entonces aquí la inquietud académica: ¿La prueba de oficio
quiebra el principio constitucional de imparcialidad judicial que consagra
el CPP y como consecuencia de ello el debido proceso?
El objetivo de esta investigación es pretender dar respuesta a la interrogante
planteada, establecer si la actuación probatoria que realiza el juez dentro del
proceso penal reformado, quiebra de alguna manera el principio constitucional
de “imparcialidad judicial” regulado en el CPP vigente y como consecuencia de
ello el debido proceso, así como explicar si resulta necesario establecer criterios
de identificación específicos razonables para individualizar los casos
excepcionales en los que resulte indispensable su aplicación.
The Criminal Procedure Code of 2004, hereinafter referred to as the CPP, is inspired by the accusatorial criminal procedural system, wherein the constitutional principle of "judicial impartiality" prevails. Its fundamental characteristic lies in the non-contamination of the judge with the presentation of evidence, which falls exclusively upon the procedural parties. Through this principle, the powers of the judge regarding the presentation of evidence in the criminal process are restricted. Although this constitutionally relevant principle is not explicitly established in the Political Constitution of Peru, it is incorporated into the right to due process and effective judicial protection, as stipulated in paragraph 3 of Article 139 of the Constitution. Additionally, it is regulated in international treaties to which Peru is a party. However, despite the characteristics of the established system, this code also provides for "ex officio evidence," regulated as an exceptional procedure in Article 385 of the Criminal Procedure Code. This raises an academic concern: Does the use of such ex officio evidence break the constitutional principle of judicial impartiality enshrined in the Criminal Procedure Code, and consequently, due process? In this context, the objective of this research is to attempt to answer the posed question, to determine whether the probative action taken by the judge within the reformed criminal process in any way violates the constitutional principle of "judicial impartiality" regulated in the current CPP and consequently due process. Furthermore, it aims to explain whether it is necessary to establish a reasonable identification criterion to pinpoint exceptional cases where its application is indispensable.
The Criminal Procedure Code of 2004, hereinafter referred to as the CPP, is inspired by the accusatorial criminal procedural system, wherein the constitutional principle of "judicial impartiality" prevails. Its fundamental characteristic lies in the non-contamination of the judge with the presentation of evidence, which falls exclusively upon the procedural parties. Through this principle, the powers of the judge regarding the presentation of evidence in the criminal process are restricted. Although this constitutionally relevant principle is not explicitly established in the Political Constitution of Peru, it is incorporated into the right to due process and effective judicial protection, as stipulated in paragraph 3 of Article 139 of the Constitution. Additionally, it is regulated in international treaties to which Peru is a party. However, despite the characteristics of the established system, this code also provides for "ex officio evidence," regulated as an exceptional procedure in Article 385 of the Criminal Procedure Code. This raises an academic concern: Does the use of such ex officio evidence break the constitutional principle of judicial impartiality enshrined in the Criminal Procedure Code, and consequently, due process? In this context, the objective of this research is to attempt to answer the posed question, to determine whether the probative action taken by the judge within the reformed criminal process in any way violates the constitutional principle of "judicial impartiality" regulated in the current CPP and consequently due process. Furthermore, it aims to explain whether it is necessary to establish a reasonable identification criterion to pinpoint exceptional cases where its application is indispensable.
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Prueba penal, Prueba (Derecho), Debido proceso--Perú