Informe jurídico de la Resolución N° 1440-2022/SPC-INDECOPI: Análisis del caso Calixtro Arroyo vs. Banco de la Nación
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2024-08-12
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente informe jurídico analiza la figura de la compensación bancaria como
derecho potestativo de las entidades financieras para cobrar acreencias sobre
productos financieros pasivos de los clientes, en específico, una cuenta
compuesta de fondos provenientes de la Compensación por Tiempo de Servicios
(CTS) del señor Josué Carlos Calixtro Arroyo. A partir de ello, se plantea como
tema de discusión si existió o no una vulneración al deber de idoneidad
contemplado en los artículos 18º y 19º de la Ley N° 29571, Código de Protección
y Defensa del Consumidor, toda vez que dichos fondos poseen la calidad de
intangibles e inembargables según la normativa sectorial aplicable.
Para ello, proponemos abordar dicha problemática desde la naturaleza jurídica
de las instituciones que se discuten, esto es, una primera revisión académica
sobre la CTS y los límites legales que le son aplicables. Como segunda revisión
académica, estudiaremos a la compensación bancaria como concepto jurídico,
entendiendo que sobre él existe un debate acentuado en nuestra jurisprudencia
acerca de cuáles son sus verdaderos límites, entendiendo que existe un sector
que equipara a dicha figura con las garantías legales previstas para la figura del
embargo judicial.
A partir de esta revisión conceptual, podremos determinar que la compensación
bancaria no vulneró el deber de idoneidad previsto en el Código de Protección y
Defensa del Consumidor, en la medida que la figura estudiada deviene de un
modo negocial de extinción de obligaciones, bajo la cual un usuario en el sistema
financiero otorga su consentimiento a través de un contrato para que una entidad
financiera pueda afectar sus cuentas pasivas en el caso que tenga deudas
vencidas y exigibles.
The purpose of this legal report is to analyze the figure of bank compensation as the optional right of financial entities to collect debts on passive financial products of clients, specifically, an account made up of funds from the Compensation for Time of Service (CTS) of Mr. Josué Carlos Calixtro Arroyo. Based on this, the topic of discussion is whether or not there was a violation of the duty of suitability contemplated in articles 18 and 19 of Law N° 29571, Consumer Protection and Defense Code, since said funds have the intangible and non-seizable quality according to the applicable sector regulations. Faced with this controversy, we propose to address this problem from the legal nature of the institutions that are discussed, that is, a first academic review of the CTS and the legal limits that apply to it. As a second academic review, we will study bank compensation as a legal concept, understanding that there is a heightened debate about it in our jurisprudence about what its true limits are, understanding that there is a sector that equates this figure with the legal guarantees provided for the figure of judicial freezing. From this conceptual review, we will be able to determine that the bank compensation did not violate the duty of suitability provided for in the Consumer Protection and Defense Code, to the extent that the figure studied becomes a negotiating way of extinguishing obligations, under which a user in the financial system grants his or her consent through a contract so that a financial entity can affect its passive accounts in the event that it has due and payable debts.
The purpose of this legal report is to analyze the figure of bank compensation as the optional right of financial entities to collect debts on passive financial products of clients, specifically, an account made up of funds from the Compensation for Time of Service (CTS) of Mr. Josué Carlos Calixtro Arroyo. Based on this, the topic of discussion is whether or not there was a violation of the duty of suitability contemplated in articles 18 and 19 of Law N° 29571, Consumer Protection and Defense Code, since said funds have the intangible and non-seizable quality according to the applicable sector regulations. Faced with this controversy, we propose to address this problem from the legal nature of the institutions that are discussed, that is, a first academic review of the CTS and the legal limits that apply to it. As a second academic review, we will study bank compensation as a legal concept, understanding that there is a heightened debate about it in our jurisprudence about what its true limits are, understanding that there is a sector that equates this figure with the legal guarantees provided for the figure of judicial freezing. From this conceptual review, we will be able to determine that the bank compensation did not violate the duty of suitability provided for in the Consumer Protection and Defense Code, to the extent that the figure studied becomes a negotiating way of extinguishing obligations, under which a user in the financial system grants his or her consent through a contract so that a financial entity can affect its passive accounts in the event that it has due and payable debts.
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Protección del consumidor--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Embargo--Jurisprudencia--Perú, CTS, Derecho financiero--Jurisprudencia--Perú
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