La risa en la interacción psicoterapeútica : un análisis de la risa en sesiones finales de procesos de psicoterapia psicoanalítica focal desde la perspectiva del análisis de la conversación
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2021-10-13
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La risa es un fenómeno que responde a patrones sistemáticos, secuenciales y socialmente
organizados (Glenn, 2003; Jefferson, Sacks y Schegloff, 1987). Como construcción
sonora, no lingüística, puede transmitir una gran variedad de significados y cumplir con
diversas funciones (Glenn, 2005). Se cree que la risa juega un rol importante en la
creación y el mantenimiento de las relaciones interpersonales. En ese sentido, la presente
investigación busca conocer con mayor profundidad el rol de la risa en la interacción
psicoterapéutica psicoanalítica y entender su lugar en los momentos de cambio, y en los
momentos de encuentro y desencuentro dialógico. Para ello, se analizaron segmentos de
las conversaciones entre tres pacientes mujeres con sus respectivos terapeutas, en las
sesiones finales de sus procesos de psicoterapia. Estas sesiones fueron grabadas y
posteriormente transcritas de manera detallada. Se utilizaron herramientas del Análisis de
la Conversación para observar a profundidad los fragmentos que contenían risas. Se
encontró que la risa en el contexto psicoterapéutico se organiza en patrones locales.
Además, se evidenció que contribuye a sostener y enriquecer el proceso de psicoterapia,
y que en los momentos más significativos de transformación de las pacientes transmite
una apertura a incorporar nuevos entendimientos sobre uno mismo. Finalmente, se
encontró que la risa y las voces risueñas contribuían a generar y sostener la cercanía en
los momentos de encuentro dialógico, y que estuvieron presenten en los episodios y
momentos de cambio dándole un matiz de cercanía, complicidad y genuinidad al diálogo.
Laughter is a systematic, sequentially and socially organized phenomenon (Glenn, 2003; Jefferson, Sacks y Schegloff, 1987). As a non-linguistic sound concept, it can fulfill various functions and carry many different meanings (Glenn, 2005). It is believed that laughter plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. The present study searches for deeper knowledge about the role of laughter inside psychoanalytical psychotherapeutic interaction and to understand its place on moments of change, dialogical moments of meeting and dialogical moments un-meeting. To achieve this, conversational fragments from three female patients and their respective therapists during final sessions of their psychotherapy process, were analyzed. These sessions were recorded and transcribed in detail. Conversation analysis tools were used to observe laughter fragments in depth. It was found that laughter in psychotherapeutic context is organized in local patterns. It was also found that laughter helps to sustain and enrich the psychotherapy process while promoting the recognition of new understandings of oneself during meaningful transformation moments. Finally, it was found that laughter and smiley voice can contribute to generate and sustain closeness during moments of agreement. Laughter was also present in episodes and moments of change allowing proximity, complicity and authenticity to dialogue.
Laughter is a systematic, sequentially and socially organized phenomenon (Glenn, 2003; Jefferson, Sacks y Schegloff, 1987). As a non-linguistic sound concept, it can fulfill various functions and carry many different meanings (Glenn, 2005). It is believed that laughter plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. The present study searches for deeper knowledge about the role of laughter inside psychoanalytical psychotherapeutic interaction and to understand its place on moments of change, dialogical moments of meeting and dialogical moments un-meeting. To achieve this, conversational fragments from three female patients and their respective therapists during final sessions of their psychotherapy process, were analyzed. These sessions were recorded and transcribed in detail. Conversation analysis tools were used to observe laughter fragments in depth. It was found that laughter in psychotherapeutic context is organized in local patterns. It was also found that laughter helps to sustain and enrich the psychotherapy process while promoting the recognition of new understandings of oneself during meaningful transformation moments. Finally, it was found that laughter and smiley voice can contribute to generate and sustain closeness during moments of agreement. Laughter was also present in episodes and moments of change allowing proximity, complicity and authenticity to dialogue.
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Risa--Uso terapeútico, Humor--Uso terapeutico, Conversación--Análisis--Investigaciones