Las habilidades de argumentación escrita en estudiantes peruanos de segundo grado de educación secundaria
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2022-07-13
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En sociedades complejas en las que vivimos, es de vital importancia que las personas
desarrollen habilidades argumentativas como formular, justificar y discutir distintos
puntos de vista, pues son indispensables para la convivencia social. Asimismo, el
desarrollo de la argumentación favorece el pensamiento crítico, ya que promueve procesos
metacognitivos que contribuyen con la construcción de nuevos conocimientos.
A pesar de su relevancia educativa, poco se sabe sobre el desempeño de los estudiantes
peruanos en cuanto a sus habilidades de argumentación escrita. Por esa razón, el propósito
de este estudio ha sido analizar el desempeño en la argumentación escrita de estudiantes
de segundo grado de educación secundaria, e indagar cómo se relaciona este desempeño
con el rendimiento en Lectura, Escritura, Matemática, Ciencias Sociales, y Ciencia y
Tecnología, considerando las variables socioeducativas de los estudiantes. Para ello, se
han analizado textos argumentativos producidos por una muestra de 444 estudiantes de
segundo grado de Educación Secundaria que participaron en la Evaluación Muestral (EM
2018) implementada por el Ministerio de Educación de Perú.
Los resultados del presente estudio han demostrado que, en el proceso de justificación de
argumentos, la mayoría de estudiantes de segundo de secundaria adoptaron una postura de
manera clara y coherente sobre un tema en controversia (88 %), y la justificaron con al
menos dos razones principales (69.5 %) estableciendo una conexión lógica entre razones y
postura (68 %). Sin embargo, 52 % de los estudiantes presentó limitaciones para producir
justificaciones que sustentaran la razón principal, pues no lograron desarrollarla mediante
razones subordinadas. Otro resultado del estudio da a conocer una dificultad en las y los
estudiantes para incluir posturas contrarias a la postura propia, y/o para refutar o poner en
duda la veracidad o relevancia del argumento contrario. De hecho, solo el 16 % estableció
una estructura argumentativa dialógica que anticipara contraargumentos.
Además, los resultados del estudio demuestran una correlación positiva y significativa
entre el desempeño en la argumentación escrita y el desempeño en Lectura, Escritura,
Matemática, Ciencias Sociales, y Ciencia y Tecnología. Sin embargo, solo se ha
demostrado una correlación baja entre ellas. Se ha concluido, también, que la variable de
nivel socioeconómico predice el desempeño en la argumentación escrita.
In the complex societies in which we live, it is crucial that people develop argumentative skills such as formulating, justifying and discussing different points of view, as they are essential for social coexistence. Likewise, the development of argumentation improve critical thinking, since it promotes metacognitive processes that contribute to the construction of new knowledge. Despite its educational relevance, little is known about the performance of Peruvian students in terms of their argumentative writing skills. For this reason, the purpose of this study has been to analyse the performance in argumentative writing of students in the second grade of secondary education, and to investigate how this performance is related to Reading, Writing, Mathematics, Social Sciences, and Natural Sciences achievement, considering the socio-educational variables of the students. To do this, it has been analyzed argumentative texts elaborated by a sample of 444 second-grade students of Secondary Education who participated in the Sample Evaluation (EM 2018) implemented by the Ministry of Education from Peru. The results of the study have shown that, in the process of justifying arguments, the majority of second-year high school students adopted a clear and coherent position about a controversial issue (88 %), and justified it with at least two reasons main (69.5 %) establishing a logical connection between reasons and position (68 %). However, 52% of the students presented limitations to produce justifications that supported the main reason, since they were unable to develop it through subordinate reasons. Another result of the evaluation reveals a difficulty in the students to include contrary positions and/or to refute or question the veracity or relevance of the contrary position. In fact, only 16 % established a dialogic argumentative structure that anticipated counterarguments. Furthermore, the results of this study show a positive and significant correlation between argumentative writing and Reading, Mathematics, Social Sciences, and Natural Sciences performance. However, only a low correlation between them has been shown. It has also been concluded that the socioeconomic variable predicts argumentative writing performance.
In the complex societies in which we live, it is crucial that people develop argumentative skills such as formulating, justifying and discussing different points of view, as they are essential for social coexistence. Likewise, the development of argumentation improve critical thinking, since it promotes metacognitive processes that contribute to the construction of new knowledge. Despite its educational relevance, little is known about the performance of Peruvian students in terms of their argumentative writing skills. For this reason, the purpose of this study has been to analyse the performance in argumentative writing of students in the second grade of secondary education, and to investigate how this performance is related to Reading, Writing, Mathematics, Social Sciences, and Natural Sciences achievement, considering the socio-educational variables of the students. To do this, it has been analyzed argumentative texts elaborated by a sample of 444 second-grade students of Secondary Education who participated in the Sample Evaluation (EM 2018) implemented by the Ministry of Education from Peru. The results of the study have shown that, in the process of justifying arguments, the majority of second-year high school students adopted a clear and coherent position about a controversial issue (88 %), and justified it with at least two reasons main (69.5 %) establishing a logical connection between reasons and position (68 %). However, 52% of the students presented limitations to produce justifications that supported the main reason, since they were unable to develop it through subordinate reasons. Another result of the evaluation reveals a difficulty in the students to include contrary positions and/or to refute or question the veracity or relevance of the contrary position. In fact, only 16 % established a dialogic argumentative structure that anticipated counterarguments. Furthermore, the results of this study show a positive and significant correlation between argumentative writing and Reading, Mathematics, Social Sciences, and Natural Sciences performance. However, only a low correlation between them has been shown. It has also been concluded that the socioeconomic variable predicts argumentative writing performance.
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Argumentación (Retórica), Educación secundaria--Perú, Estudiantes (Educación secundaria)--Perú, Lectura--Estudio y enseñanza
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