El derecho fundamental a la propiedad frente a la extinción de dominio
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Date
2021-05-11
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El crimen organizado y las actividades relacionadas a los delitos graves, generan un
patrimonio criminal o de origen ilícito consistentes en bienes muebles e inmuebles, productos,
acciones, empresas, y otros derechos de propiedad, donde la eficacia del Derecho Penal, más allá de
la sanción personal, la incautación o el decomiso, no logra privar y afectar a ese patrimonio criminal
o derechos de propiedad que son destinados a actividades ilícitas, dejando una sensación de
impunidad. Es por ello que, los Estados buscan permanentemente luchar contra ese flagelo que causa
daños socio-económicos profundos. Una herramienta importante, que busca golpear y afectar al
patrimonio de las organizaciones criminales y los grupos delictivos, es la extinción de dominio, que
es independiente de la acción penal, no busca la sanción personal; busca extinguir los derechos de
propiedad de origen ilícito o con fines ilícitos, sin contraprestación alguna a favor del Estado. Sin
embargo, planteamos que su reciente implementación y adecuación al sistema jurídico peruano,
desde el segundo semestre del año 2018, podría poner en evidencia algunas disposiciones normativas
contrarias a la constitución como el debido proceso, la presunción de inocencia, entre otros, que en
última instancia podría afectar directamente el derecho de propiedad, que tienen fundamento
constitucional, mientras que la figura de extinción de dominio no la tiene. Por ello, nuestro objetivo
es hacer un análisis del derecho fundamental a la propiedad, frente al proceso de extinción de dominio
y advertir algunas inconsistencias y deficiencias según la experiencia de países latinoamericanos
como Colombia y México que han modificado sus cartas fundamentales y han complementado su
madurez a través de sus Supremos Tribunales, para evitar arbitrariedades y garantizar la plena
vigencia del derecho fundamental a la propiedad y demás derechos fundamentales dentro de un
Estado de Derecho y continuar con la autonomía del proceso de extinción de dominio que mucha
falta hace en la lucha contra la criminalidad.
Organized crime and activities related to serious crimes, generate a criminal or unlawful property consisting of movable and immovable property, products, actions, companies, and other property rights, where the effectiveness of criminal law, beyond personal sanction, seizure or confiscation, fails to deprive and affect that criminal heritage or property rights that are intended for illicit activities, leaving a sense of impunity. That is why States are constantly seeking to combat this scourge that causes profound socio-economic damage. An important tool, which seeks to strike and affect the assets of criminal organizations and criminal groups, is the termination of dominance, which is independent of criminal action, does not seek personal sanction; seeks to extinguish property rights of illicit origin or for illicit purposes, without any consideration in favor of the State. However, we propose that its recent implementation and adaptation to Peruvians legal system, since the second half of 2018, could highlight some anti-constitution regulatory provisions such as due process, the presumption of innocence, among others, which could ultimately directly affect the right to property, which have a constitutional basis, while the domain-extinguishing figure does not. Therefore, our goal is to make an analysis of the fundamental right to property, in the face of the process of termination of dominance and to notice some inconsistencies and deficiencies in the experience of Latin American countries such as Colombia and Mexico that have modified their fundamental letters and complemented their maturity through their Supreme Courts, to avoid arbitrariness and ensure the full validity of the fundamental right to property and other fundamental rights within a rule of law and continue with the autonomy of the much-needed domain extinction process in the fight against crime.
Organized crime and activities related to serious crimes, generate a criminal or unlawful property consisting of movable and immovable property, products, actions, companies, and other property rights, where the effectiveness of criminal law, beyond personal sanction, seizure or confiscation, fails to deprive and affect that criminal heritage or property rights that are intended for illicit activities, leaving a sense of impunity. That is why States are constantly seeking to combat this scourge that causes profound socio-economic damage. An important tool, which seeks to strike and affect the assets of criminal organizations and criminal groups, is the termination of dominance, which is independent of criminal action, does not seek personal sanction; seeks to extinguish property rights of illicit origin or for illicit purposes, without any consideration in favor of the State. However, we propose that its recent implementation and adaptation to Peruvians legal system, since the second half of 2018, could highlight some anti-constitution regulatory provisions such as due process, the presumption of innocence, among others, which could ultimately directly affect the right to property, which have a constitutional basis, while the domain-extinguishing figure does not. Therefore, our goal is to make an analysis of the fundamental right to property, in the face of the process of termination of dominance and to notice some inconsistencies and deficiencies in the experience of Latin American countries such as Colombia and Mexico that have modified their fundamental letters and complemented their maturity through their Supreme Courts, to avoid arbitrariness and ensure the full validity of the fundamental right to property and other fundamental rights within a rule of law and continue with the autonomy of the much-needed domain extinction process in the fight against crime.
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Derecho de propiedad--Legislación--Perú, Posesión (Derecho)--Perú, Expropiación--Perú, Derechos fundamentales
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