La anomalía psíquica como causal de inimputabilidad en el derecho penal peruano
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2023-05-29
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Derecho penal parte de la concepción del libre albedrío como garantía para aplicar las
consecuencias contempladas en nuestro ordenamiento. Solo quien ha actuado de forma
libre y plena podrá ser penalmente responsable de sus actos cuando estos configuren
un delito. Sin embargo, el artículo 20° del Código Penal peruano contempla a la anomalía
psíquica como una causa de exclusión de la responsabilidad penal. Esta causal tiene
una regulación meramente enunciativa cuyo contenido resulta necesario comprender a
fin de garantizar una aplicación legítima de la figura, pues resulta evidente que las
aportaciones de la doctrina penal y uso de otras disciplinas no son tomadas en cuenta
idóneamente hoy en día por los operadores de justicia. Para ello, la presente
investigación aborda la cuestión de la anomalía psíquica como causal de inimputabilidad
en el Derecho penal peruano. En un primer plano, se desarrolla el concepto de libertad
y su vinculación con la imputabilidad en términos penales. A continuación, se analiza el
concepto mismo de anomalías psíquicas y su clasificación de acuerdo a la disciplina
especializada de la psiquiatría. Finalmente, se hace un recuento de la respuesta que el
Derecho otorga frente al reconocimiento de la anomalía psíquica como causal de
inimputabilidad. En suma, se concluye a partir de todo lo anterior que la anomalía
psíquica debe ser entendida compuesta por un aspecto evidentemente personal y uno
social, y es esto lo que debe ser comprendido, evaluado y aplicado por los operadores
de justicia a fin de garantizar su correcta puesta en práctica.
Criminal law is based on the concept of free will as a guarantee to apply the consequences contemplated in our legal system. Only those who have acted freely and fully may be criminally liable for their acts when they constitute a crime. However, Article 20 of the Peruvian Criminal Code contemplates psychic anomaly as a cause for exclusion of criminal liability. This cause has a merely enunciative regulation whose content is necessary to understand in order to ensure a legitimate application of the figure, since it is clear that the contributions of criminal doctrine and use of other disciplines are not taken into account adequately today by the operators of justice. To this end, the present research addresses the issue of psychic anomaly as a cause of unimputability in Peruvian criminal law. First, the concept of freedom and its link with imputability in criminal terms is developed. Next, the concept of psychic anomalies and their classification according to the specialized discipline of psychiatry is analyzed. Finally, an account is given of the response provided by the law to the recognition of psychic anomalies as grounds for unimputability. In sum, it is concluded from all the above that the psychic anomaly must be understood as composed of an evidently personal aspect and a social one, and it is this that must be understood, evaluated and applied by the operators of justice in order to guarantee its correct implementation.
Criminal law is based on the concept of free will as a guarantee to apply the consequences contemplated in our legal system. Only those who have acted freely and fully may be criminally liable for their acts when they constitute a crime. However, Article 20 of the Peruvian Criminal Code contemplates psychic anomaly as a cause for exclusion of criminal liability. This cause has a merely enunciative regulation whose content is necessary to understand in order to ensure a legitimate application of the figure, since it is clear that the contributions of criminal doctrine and use of other disciplines are not taken into account adequately today by the operators of justice. To this end, the present research addresses the issue of psychic anomaly as a cause of unimputability in Peruvian criminal law. First, the concept of freedom and its link with imputability in criminal terms is developed. Next, the concept of psychic anomalies and their classification according to the specialized discipline of psychiatry is analyzed. Finally, an account is given of the response provided by the law to the recognition of psychic anomalies as grounds for unimputability. In sum, it is concluded from all the above that the psychic anomaly must be understood as composed of an evidently personal aspect and a social one, and it is this that must be understood, evaluated and applied by the operators of justice in order to guarantee its correct implementation.
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Imputabilidad--Perú, Trastornos mentales, Responsabilidad penal--Perú
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