Consecuencias de la supervisión abusiva en las organizaciones
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2018-09-13
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La violencia en las organizaciones de trabajo es un fenómeno que ha sido
reportado desde hace numerosos años y que ha sido abordado desde diversos
enfoques y teorías. Los estudios sugieren que la violencia y sus distintas formas es un
fenómeno generalizado que tiene elevados costos no solo para las organizaciones y el
bienestar psicológico de los trabajadores, sino también para la sociedad en su conjunto.
Una de las formas de agresión interpersonal en las organizaciones que se ha
estudiado cada vez más en los últimos años es la llamada supervisión abusiva (SA).
Esta forma de violencia interpersonal se sitúa en el contexto de la relación jefe –
colaborador y se caracteriza porque la persona que tiene el papel de jefe o supervisor
es quien inicia la agresión hacia sus colaboradores, a través de hostilidades verbales y
no verbales, que excluyen el contacto físico. La SA se define como un proceso
perceptivo pues es el colaborador quien lo define.
La revisión de la literatura demuestra que, si bien en los últimos años se ha
incrementado el número de publicaciones sobre la SA, se constata que prácticamente
no existen estudios en Iberoamérica. En este contexto se encuentra alguna literatura
sobre el acoso laboral pero las referencias a la SA son escasas e indirectas.
El presente trabajo se propone establecer el punto de partida para la
investigación sistemática de la SA en la realidad Iberoamericana. Para ello se plantea
la realización de dos estudios. En el primero se efectúa la traducción, adaptación y
determinación de propiedades psicométricas de la escala que mide el constructo de la
SA y en el segundo se investiga las relaciones que tiene la SA con algunas variables de
bienestar y malestar psicológico, adoptando como marco teórico la Teoría de la
Autodeterminación.
En el primer estudio, luego de aplicar los procedimientos de traducción y
adaptación, se aplicó la escala a dos grupos de participantes (grupo 1, N = 308; grupo
2, N = 283) con un intervalo de seis meses. En cada grupo se aplicaron diversas
medidas con el fin de obtener evidencias de las diversas propiedades psicométricas;
también se hizo una prueba de invarianza multi-grupos. Al final se concluye que la
escala es confiable y válida por cumplir con los estándares psicométricos esperados.
El objetivo del segundo estudio fue indagar la relación que tiene la SA con
algunas variables de bienestar / malestar psicológico en el trabajo. Por el lado del
bienestar se midió el compromiso laboral y que está considerado por algunos autores
como el mejor indicador de bienestar psicológico en el trabajo. Por el lado del malestar
se midió el quemado laboral y la intención de rotación. Adicionalmente se empleó la
Teoría de la Autodeterminación (TAD) para estudiar los procesos mediadores entre la
SA y las variables criterio descritas. La TAD ofreció las variables mediadoras
(satisfacción de las necesidades y tipos de motivación) así como también la segunda
variable predictora del estudio: el apoyo a la autonomía. Durante la investigación se
determinó que esta variable es prácticamente el opuesto de la SA evaluándose también
sus mecanismos mediadores con las variables criterio. Al término del estudio se
constató que, de manera similar a lo reportado en la literatura, la SA es un factor de
riesgo psicosocial único, cuyos efectos negativos en el bienestar psicológico son
evidentes. El apoyo a la autonomía, por su parte demostró que es una importante
práctica de liderazgo que aparte de promover le bienestar psicológico en el trabajo, es
la respuesta al problema de la supervisión abusiva.
En la discusión se proponen algunas intervenciones para afrontar de manera
efectiva la SA en el contexto organizacional. La Teoría de la Autodeterminación permitió
no solamente profundizar en los mecanismos de mediación de la SA con las variables
criterio, sino que además ofreció un marco conceptual valioso para sustentar las
intervenciones de nivel organizacional que se recomienda implementar para reducir e
idealmente eliminar lo que posiblemente es el estresor laboral más tóxico que puede
infestar a una organización.
Psychological violence in work organizations is a phenomenon that has been studied since many years from varied theoretical perspectives and approaches. The literature suggest that violence and its many forms is a generalized phenomenon that is not only very costly for organizations and the psychological well-being of workers but for society as a whole. One of the forms of interpersonal aggression that has increasingly been studied in the last years is abusive supervision (AS). This type of interpersonal violence occurs in the context of the supervisor – employee relationship and one of its features is that the one who initiates the aggression is the supervisor. The aggression is by means of hostile verbal and non-verbal behaviors that exclude physical contact. AS is a perceptive phenomenon defined by the employee. The literature review shows that although in the last years there has been an increased in the number of publications about AS, there are almost no studies in Ibero- America. Although there is some research in this context about workplace bullying, AS is rarely analyzed. This research aims at establishing a starting point for the study of AS in the cultural reality of Ibero-America. To this aim two studies are set. The first deals with the translation, adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the AS scale. The second study assesses the relations of AS with some well-being and ill-being psychological variables adopting the Theory of Self-Determination (SDT) as the conceptual framework. In the first study, after applying the procedures of translation and adaptation, the scale was administered to two groups of participants (group 1, N = 308; group 2, N = 283) with a six-months interval. Distinct measures were applied to each group to obtain different validity evidences; a multi-group invariance test was also performed. It is concluded that the scale is reliable and valid as it meets the expected psychometric standards. The goal of the second study was to analyze the relationship of AS with some well-being and ill-being variables at work. In the well-being side, work engagement was measured. Some authors regard engagement as the best indicator of psychological wellbeing at work. In the ill-being side burnout and turnover intention were measured. In addition, STD was adopted to study the mediation mechanisms between AS and the outcome variables. SDT offered the mediation variables (needs satisfaction and types of motivation) and the second predictive variable: autonomy support. During the research it was found that autonomy support is basically the opposite of abusive supervision and its mediation processes with the outcome variables were examined as well. The results about AS were similar to what has been reported in the literature. AS is a unique psychosocial risk factor whose negative effects on well-being are sound. In relation to autonomy support the findings suggest that it is the distinctive characteristic of effective leadership practices that not only fosters psychological well-being but it is the answer to the abusive supervision problem. The discussion section lays out some interventions to cope with AS in the organizational context. SDT allowed not only to deepen the understanding of the mediation mechanisms between AS and the outcome variable, but it also provided a valuable theoretical framework to support organizational interventions aimed at reducing and hopefully eliminate what is possible the most toxic workplace stressor that can infest an organization.
Psychological violence in work organizations is a phenomenon that has been studied since many years from varied theoretical perspectives and approaches. The literature suggest that violence and its many forms is a generalized phenomenon that is not only very costly for organizations and the psychological well-being of workers but for society as a whole. One of the forms of interpersonal aggression that has increasingly been studied in the last years is abusive supervision (AS). This type of interpersonal violence occurs in the context of the supervisor – employee relationship and one of its features is that the one who initiates the aggression is the supervisor. The aggression is by means of hostile verbal and non-verbal behaviors that exclude physical contact. AS is a perceptive phenomenon defined by the employee. The literature review shows that although in the last years there has been an increased in the number of publications about AS, there are almost no studies in Ibero- America. Although there is some research in this context about workplace bullying, AS is rarely analyzed. This research aims at establishing a starting point for the study of AS in the cultural reality of Ibero-America. To this aim two studies are set. The first deals with the translation, adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the AS scale. The second study assesses the relations of AS with some well-being and ill-being psychological variables adopting the Theory of Self-Determination (SDT) as the conceptual framework. In the first study, after applying the procedures of translation and adaptation, the scale was administered to two groups of participants (group 1, N = 308; group 2, N = 283) with a six-months interval. Distinct measures were applied to each group to obtain different validity evidences; a multi-group invariance test was also performed. It is concluded that the scale is reliable and valid as it meets the expected psychometric standards. The goal of the second study was to analyze the relationship of AS with some well-being and ill-being variables at work. In the well-being side, work engagement was measured. Some authors regard engagement as the best indicator of psychological wellbeing at work. In the ill-being side burnout and turnover intention were measured. In addition, STD was adopted to study the mediation mechanisms between AS and the outcome variables. SDT offered the mediation variables (needs satisfaction and types of motivation) and the second predictive variable: autonomy support. During the research it was found that autonomy support is basically the opposite of abusive supervision and its mediation processes with the outcome variables were examined as well. The results about AS were similar to what has been reported in the literature. AS is a unique psychosocial risk factor whose negative effects on well-being are sound. In relation to autonomy support the findings suggest that it is the distinctive characteristic of effective leadership practices that not only fosters psychological well-being but it is the answer to the abusive supervision problem. The discussion section lays out some interventions to cope with AS in the organizational context. SDT allowed not only to deepen the understanding of the mediation mechanisms between AS and the outcome variable, but it also provided a valuable theoretical framework to support organizational interventions aimed at reducing and hopefully eliminate what is possible the most toxic workplace stressor that can infest an organization.
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Keywords
Autonomía (Psicología), Supervisión de personal, Administración de personal, Pruebas psicológicas, Liderazgo, Violencia en el trabajo
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