Análisis de ciclo de vida de un tramo de la carretera Tacna - Collpa en la región de Tacna
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Fecha
2023-03-13
Autores
Elorrieta Mendoza, Alvaro Alejandro
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Las carreteras son infraestructuras esenciales para el desarrollo económico y social de cualquier país. No obstante, también son responsables de una considerable cantidad de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) debido al uso intensivo de materiales y maquinaria que conlleva su construcción y mantenimiento, incluyendo su posterior operación por vehículos terrestres. Por ello, resulta indispensable que se haga una evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA) apropiada que permita estimar los impactos ambientales de los proyectos viales en Perú. Aunque ya existe una normativa vigente en Perú que los obliga a tener una EIA para su ejecución, la mayoría de estas se limita a dar información cualitativa sin que se ajuste a la realidad de cada proyecto vial por falta de información y financiamiento apropiado.
En ese sentido, se utilizó la herramienta de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para complementar y nutrir la EIA del primer tramo de la carretera Tacna-Collpa de 52 km de extensión en la región sureña de Tacna al determinar los impactos ambientales detalladamente. Utilizando los lineamientos estipulados en la normativa ISO 14040 y 14044; se evaluó las fases de construcción, uso y mantenimiento mediante la unidad funcional de 1 km de carretera en un año de operación. Las fuentes de datos primaria fueron el expediente técnico del proyecto, el estudio de tráfico de la zona y el reporte de mantenimiento para el año 2022; las cuales fueron complementadas con la base de datos ecoinvent v3 y reportes públicos del Estado peruano y del Gobierno regional de Tacna. Asimismo, la emisión de material particulado fue modelado de forma independiente. Mediante la metodología ReCiPe 2016 e IPCC 2013, se establecieron siete categorías de impacto como cambio climático, transformación de uso de suelo, formación de partículas, entre otros.
Este estudio de ACV permite comprender de una manera más amplia los impactos ambientales de una carretera en la sierra de Perú y sus resultados arrojan que la mayoría de estos en distintas categorías se acoplan en la etapa de uso. Por ejemplo, en la categoría de cambio climático, 85 ton CO2eq corresponden directamente al uso propio de la carretera mientras que 68 ton CO2eq fueron generadas por su construcción para un año de operación. La principal razón de estos valores fue por la presencia en su mayoría de vehículos livianos y buses según el estudio de tráfico del proyecto y por ser la principal vía de conexión entre los países de Perú y Bolivia. Por otro lado, el mantenimiento no llegó a tener un valor considerable en todas las categorías analizadas. Asimismo, mediante un análisis de sensibilidad se compararon escenarios alternativos para determinar la influencia en comparativa al escenario base entre los que se incluyó el uso de vehículos eléctricos. En este análisis se concluyó que el uso de vehículos eléctricos o con normativa Euro VI ayudan a disminuir los impactos ambientales en todas las categorías de impacto. Del mismo modo, la falta de mantenimiento hace que aumente las emisiones de material particulado en la fase de uso hasta cinco veces su valor original.
Finalmente, se realizaron recomendaciones de prácticas sostenibles en base a las principales fuentes de contaminación ambiental halladas en la investigación como el uso de biodiesel B20 en la maquinaria de construcción o la inclusión de materiales reciclados en la colocación del pavimento. Estas recomendaciones pueden aplicarlas empresas constructoras y el gobierno peruano mediante lineamientos y directivas para la ejecución de futuros proyectos viales en regiones de la sierra peruana.
Roads are essential infrastructures for the economic and social development of any country. However, they are also responsible for a considerable amount of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions due to the intensive use of materials and machinery that entails its construction and maintenance, including their subsequent operation by land vehicles. Therefore, it is essential that an appropriate environmental impact assessment (EIA) be carried out to estimate the environmental impacts of road projects in Peru. Although there is already a current regulation in in Peru that obliges them to have an EIA for its enforcement, most of these are limited to providing qualitative information without adjusting to the reality of each road project due to lack of information and appropriate financing. Thus, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool was used to complement and nourish the EIA of the first section of the 52 km stretch Tacna-Collpa road in the southern region of Tacna by determining the environmental impacts in detail. Using the guidelines stipulated in the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards; construction, use and maintenance phases were evaluated through the functional unit of 1 km of highway in one year of operation. Primary data sources were the technical file of the project, the traffic study of the area and the maintenance report for the year 2022; which were complemented with the ecoinvent v3 database and public reports from the Peruvian state and the regional government of Tacna. Likewise, the emission of particulate matter was modeled independently. Through the ReCiPe 2016 and IPCC 2013 methodology, seven impact categories were established such as climate change, land use transformation, particle formation, among others. This LCA study allows a broader understanding of the environmental impacts of a road in the highlands of Peru and its results show that most of these in different categories are coupled in the use stage. For example, in climate change category, 85 tons of CO2 eq correspond directly to the road's own use, while 68 tons of CO2 eq were generated by its construction for one year of operation. The main reason for these values was due to the presence of mostly light vehicles and buses according to the project's traffic study and because it is the main connection route between the countries of Peru and Bolivia. On the other hand, maintenance did not have a considerable value in all the categories analyzed. Likewise, through a sensitivity analysis, alternative scenarios were compared to determine the influence in comparison to the base scenario, among which the use of electric vehicles was included. In this analysis, it was concluded that the use of electric vehicles or vehicles with Euro VI regulations help reduce environmental impacts in all impact categories. Similarly, the lack of maintenance causes particulate matter emissions in the use phase to increase up to five times their original value. Finally, recommendations for sustainable practices were made based on the main sources of environmental contamination found in the investigation, such as the use of B20 biodiesel in construction machinery or the inclusion of recycled materials in the laying of the pavement. These recommendations can be applied by construction companies and the Peruvian government through guidelines and directives for the execution of future road projects in regions of the Peruvian highlands.
Roads are essential infrastructures for the economic and social development of any country. However, they are also responsible for a considerable amount of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions due to the intensive use of materials and machinery that entails its construction and maintenance, including their subsequent operation by land vehicles. Therefore, it is essential that an appropriate environmental impact assessment (EIA) be carried out to estimate the environmental impacts of road projects in Peru. Although there is already a current regulation in in Peru that obliges them to have an EIA for its enforcement, most of these are limited to providing qualitative information without adjusting to the reality of each road project due to lack of information and appropriate financing. Thus, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool was used to complement and nourish the EIA of the first section of the 52 km stretch Tacna-Collpa road in the southern region of Tacna by determining the environmental impacts in detail. Using the guidelines stipulated in the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards; construction, use and maintenance phases were evaluated through the functional unit of 1 km of highway in one year of operation. Primary data sources were the technical file of the project, the traffic study of the area and the maintenance report for the year 2022; which were complemented with the ecoinvent v3 database and public reports from the Peruvian state and the regional government of Tacna. Likewise, the emission of particulate matter was modeled independently. Through the ReCiPe 2016 and IPCC 2013 methodology, seven impact categories were established such as climate change, land use transformation, particle formation, among others. This LCA study allows a broader understanding of the environmental impacts of a road in the highlands of Peru and its results show that most of these in different categories are coupled in the use stage. For example, in climate change category, 85 tons of CO2 eq correspond directly to the road's own use, while 68 tons of CO2 eq were generated by its construction for one year of operation. The main reason for these values was due to the presence of mostly light vehicles and buses according to the project's traffic study and because it is the main connection route between the countries of Peru and Bolivia. On the other hand, maintenance did not have a considerable value in all the categories analyzed. Likewise, through a sensitivity analysis, alternative scenarios were compared to determine the influence in comparison to the base scenario, among which the use of electric vehicles was included. In this analysis, it was concluded that the use of electric vehicles or vehicles with Euro VI regulations help reduce environmental impacts in all impact categories. Similarly, the lack of maintenance causes particulate matter emissions in the use phase to increase up to five times their original value. Finally, recommendations for sustainable practices were made based on the main sources of environmental contamination found in the investigation, such as the use of B20 biodiesel in construction machinery or the inclusion of recycled materials in the laying of the pavement. These recommendations can be applied by construction companies and the Peruvian government through guidelines and directives for the execution of future road projects in regions of the Peruvian highlands.
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Carreteras--Evaluación, Carreteras--Aspectos ambientales, Carreteras--Perú--Tacna
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