Desarrollo de métodos de fabricación de bioplásticos a partir de algas verdes
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2024-02-28
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En la actualidad, existe interés en el desarrollo de bioplásticos a partir de fuentes naturales para
reemplazar los plásticos convencionales obtenidos a base de petróleo debido a la
contaminación que genera tanto la producción de estos, como su largo proceso de
descomposición. El presente proyecto de tesis se centra en las algas verdes de la especie Ulva
como fuente de desarrollo de láminas de bioplástico a partir del Ulvan, su componente
principal. Las variedades tomadas durante el desarrollo de este proyecto fueron las algas Ulva
Nematoidea. Se evaluaron distintos métodos para poder extraer el polisacárido Ulvan de cada
muestra de algas, explorando extracción por medio ácido, medio neutro y medio básico. De los
cuales, el primer grupo no pudo ser tomado en cuenta para los ensayos de caracterización,
FTIR, tracción, DSC y TGA, debido a que su consistencia viscosa no permitía su manipulación.
Se produjeron delgadas de 50g de Ulvan y se agregó el 10% en peso de glicerol. Se compararon
los resultados obtenidos entre cada grupo de muestras, divididos por método de extracción y
por contenido de plastificante. Se pudo ver que el porcentaje de plastificante agregado al Ulvan
no degradó la estructura molecular del mismo, dando como resultados valores muy cercanos
para muestras con 0% y 10% de glicerol. El proceso determinante para diferenciar el
rendimiento de las muestras fue el método de extracción, del cual se obtuvo que las muestras
de medio básico alcanzan una mayor deformación y una mayor estabilidad térmica.
Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las algas verdes estudiadas de la especie Ulva pueden
ser tomadas en consideración para la producción de bioplástico, ya que representan una fuente
abundante en el medio ambiente, el método de producción de las láminas no genera residuos
tóxicos y muestran un bajo porcentaje de materia inerte o inorgánica.
To this date, there is interest in the development of bioplastics made out of natural sources to replace petroleum-based conventional plastics, due to the pollution generated by their production, as well as their long periods of decomposition. The present thesis project focuses on green algae of the Ulva species as a source for developing thin bioplastic films made out of Ulvan, their main component. The varieties used during the present project were Ulva Nematoidea. Different extraction methods of Ulvan polysaccharide were evaluated for each algae sample, exploring acid, neutral and basic extraction. From which, the first group was discarded from characterization tests, FTIR, traction, DSC and TGA, because their viscous consistency did not allow their manipulation. Thin films of 50g of Ulvan were produced and 10% in weight of glycerol plasticizer was added for each sample. Results were compared for each sample group, divided by extraction method and plasticizer content. The added plasticizer content did not show damage to Ulvan’s molecular structure, giving results close to each other for 0% and 10% glycerol content. The main process for sample yield difference was the extraction method, from which it was obtained that basic medium samples reached a higher elongation and thermal stability. The obtained results show that the studied green algae from the Ulva species can be considered for bioplastic production, because they are abundant in the environment, the production process does not generate toxic residues and they show a low percentage of inert or inorganic content.
To this date, there is interest in the development of bioplastics made out of natural sources to replace petroleum-based conventional plastics, due to the pollution generated by their production, as well as their long periods of decomposition. The present thesis project focuses on green algae of the Ulva species as a source for developing thin bioplastic films made out of Ulvan, their main component. The varieties used during the present project were Ulva Nematoidea. Different extraction methods of Ulvan polysaccharide were evaluated for each algae sample, exploring acid, neutral and basic extraction. From which, the first group was discarded from characterization tests, FTIR, traction, DSC and TGA, because their viscous consistency did not allow their manipulation. Thin films of 50g of Ulvan were produced and 10% in weight of glycerol plasticizer was added for each sample. Results were compared for each sample group, divided by extraction method and plasticizer content. The added plasticizer content did not show damage to Ulvan’s molecular structure, giving results close to each other for 0% and 10% glycerol content. The main process for sample yield difference was the extraction method, from which it was obtained that basic medium samples reached a higher elongation and thermal stability. The obtained results show that the studied green algae from the Ulva species can be considered for bioplastic production, because they are abundant in the environment, the production process does not generate toxic residues and they show a low percentage of inert or inorganic content.
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Procesos de manufactura, Ingeniería de métodos, Producción--Administración
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