Participation through a political party is declining globally (Dalton & Wattenberg 2000). Instead, new, more horizontal forms of politics have emerged which undermine the mobilization capacity of parties (Cross & Young ...

This article presents a contribution to the approach when with political parties at the sub-national level. After the political parties crisis of 1989-1993 the Peruvian political system was reconfigured. Within this ...

Between 2010 and 2015, the most important protest cycle in the history of Colombia takes place, organized by leftist social organizations. At the same time, the Polo Democrático Alternativo, the main leftist party, experiences ...

Peru not only is a presidentialist country, but also is a democracy without parties and a state with poor politic system institutionalized. In this context, the president’s leadership is important to explain the dynamic ...