Paredes, Maritza2023-03-282023-03-282014https://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/191123Páginas 329-358In this paper we explore in part 1 the historical roots of the marginalisation of the highlands, and with that the inadequate or perverse presence of the state. In part 2 we show the deficiencies of this model in the pre-conditions for trickle-down, and the weak or perverse nature of local politics. In part 3 we use this analysis to explore a remarkable contemporary instance of developmental initiative in the highlands, which has ultimately been intensely disappointing in its outcomes, and we ask what the barriers and failures were: this is the case of Espinar.spainfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/pe/Desarrollo humano--PerúIntegración económica--PerúDesarrollo regional--PerúDistribución del ingreso--Perúinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bookParthttps://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#5.02.01https://doi.org/10.18800/9786123170639.011