Politai. Vol. 15 Núm. 25 (2024)
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/handle/123456789/202917
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Ítem Texto completo enlazado Corrupción y procesos electorales en América Latina(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-11-29) Nieto Flores, Nubia ZulmaElectoral processes are one of the most important pillars of democracy. Transparent, fair and representative elections are the basis of the Western democracies. However, holding electoral processes does not necessarily guarantee the establishment and exercise of the democracy. Elections based on intimidation, threats, insecurity, fear, violence, harassment, fraud, vote buying, abuse, manipulation and exploitation of vulnerable conditions are threats to democracy and an expression of the exercise of corruption. Latin America in recent years has been characterized by adopting democratic governments. In recent decades, almost all countries in the region have managed to overthrow authoritarian, military and dictatorial governments. However, the democratic exercise of citizens in local, regional and national elections is often questioned due to the lack of integrity and transparency of the processes. In this context, this article aims to analyze the role of corruption in electoral processes in Latin America in the last decades. The hypothesis that guides this work is based on the assumption that holding elections does not necessarily guarantee the exercise of democracy, since corruption permeates electoral processes. The text uses qualitative and based on data provided by national and international institutions, analysis and case studies, global reports and journalistic notes, as well as historical sources. The text is divided into three sections. The first exposes some basic concepts of electoral democracy and the threat of corruption. The second presents the effects of corruption materialized in electoral fraud, vote buying, disappearance of ballot boxes, manipulation in digital systems, application of Artificial Intelligence, sponsorship of criminal groups towards a certain candidate, use of criminal forces to intimidate, murder, destabilize electoral processes. The third offers some examples of highly questioned electoral processes in Latin America, and finally some conclusions are made, leaving the door open to future studies that can contribute to reduce the risks of corruption in electoral processes in the Latin American region and help mature the young democracy.Ítem Texto completo enlazado Criminalidad organizada transnacional: de la seguridad pública a la amenaza geopolítica(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-11-29) Lagos Flores, RobertoThis article posits the hypothesis that transnational organized crime has evolved from a domestic public issue into a regional geopolitical threat. Employing a research methodology based on the analysis of secondary scientific sources and case studies, it scrutinizes the dynamics of organized crime at a regional level over the past five years. The primary arguments demonstrate that strategically significant criminal organizations have blurred national borders, forged both legal and illegal public and private alliances, expanded their operations, and primarily challenged the sovereignty, authority, legitimacy, monopoly of force, and territorial control inherent to States, thereby redefining the political geography. In conclusion, the study underscores the imperative to comprehend the radical nature and expansion of this transborder threat, along with its interaction with the institutional weaknesses of certain countries. It emphasizes the urgent need to enhance state capacities to confront this challenge, suggesting that governmental inaction and permissiveness could exacerbate the continental security crisis.Ítem Texto completo enlazado Perfiles en delincuencia juvenil: Factores asociados y contrastantes en los tipos de delitos cometidos por adolescentes en conflicto con la ley(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-11-29) Benites Guerrero, Sebastián Darío; Zorrilla Vargas, Nataly Vanessa; Tito Santa Cruz, Kerly M."It has been identified that the most frequent crimes among young people in youth centers in Peru are: aggravated robbery, sex crimes, illicit drug trafficking, and homicide. These types of crime are usually studied from associated factors that are similar, incorporating psychological and sociological variables. However, there are nuances and contrasts in the profiles of young people depending on the type of crime recorded. Therefore, this research proposes a comparative analysis of the four types of crimes mentioned. The objective is to show contrast between the profiles of young people according to associated factors and to indicate if any of these acquire greater explanatory force for one crime or another. For this, the research was carried out using a quantitative methodology, analyzing the data provided by the Population Survey of Juvenile Detention Centers during 2022. Logistic regressions were carried out to show the contrast between the types of crime and the associated factors. The results of the research show contrasting profiles according to some key factors. Some of these findings are: the association of criminal gangs with the crime of homicide, factors linked to the biographical history in the childhood stage with the sex crimes, and the influence of peers and educational dropout in the case of aggravated robbery. In the case of adolescents who committed drug trafficking, an exploration of other types of factors is required; those used did not generate a contrasting profile."Ítem Texto completo enlazado “Copiar y Pegar”: La transferencia de políticas y su influencia en la implementación de políticas de Vigilancia Electrónica para personas privadas de libertad en Perú y Colombia(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-11-29) Espinoza Prado, Gelin Pilar; Gutiérrez Sánchez, Nicolás; Mena López, Santiago AlonsoThis article analyzes the differences in the design and implementation of electronic personal surveillance (EPS) policies in Peru and Colombia, from their first attempts in 2007 to date. Using a comparative political analysis approach, it explores the factors that explain the gap in outcomes, despite the adoption of similar policies. The article uses the theory of policy transfer as a differentiating element: Colombia implemented its policy progressively, relying on pilot projects and making adjustments to the original design according to the results. Peru, on the other hand, in trying to replicate Colombia's initial success, opted for a national implementation without pilot stages, which resulted in a much more limited impact. This process of design by replication of Colombian legislation and direct implementation would have made it difficult for Peru to address the future obstacles of funding, lack of necessary infrastructure and communication of this prison benefit to key actors. Through comparison, this paper shows that prospective design and implementation and the lack of adaptation to national and local realities were the main obstacles to the successful implementation of an EPS policy in Peru. On the other hand, a progressive, flexible and contextualized implementation, as in the Colombian case, allows for more effective results in the application of public policies, even in contexts of low state capacity. Finally, it is noted that the results in Colombia do not have a sufficiently large impact on its public problem to fully qualify as a “success case” in a broader sense, but they do when compared to the insignificant results in Peru.Ítem Texto completo enlazado Para mis enemigos, la ley: La corrupción como argumento para activar mecanismos de control político en Perú (2016-2020)(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-11-29) Carbajal, ÁlvaroCorruption is a phenomenon deeply rooted in Peruvian republican history. Since the viceregal era, corruption scandals in the public apparatus have been recurrent. However, starting in the second half of the 2010s, when the international scandal known as “Lava Jato” was uncovered (from which Peruvian politics could not escape), corruption began to be used as an argument that triggered several presidential crises in Peru. Thus, various political control mechanisms, both in the Executive and the Legislative, were based on the fight against corruption to attack the rival power. In that sense, based on the qualitative analysis of the various documents presented, the arguments from both the Executive and Legislative Branches will be analyzed. These documents will be analyzed from the website of the Congress of the Republic of Peru. Finally, it is observed that corruption was used recurrently as an argument to delegitimize a State power in the midst of the fight between the government and Congress.Ítem Texto completo enlazado El delito de asociación ilícita en el derecho argentino a la luz de las exigencias de la Convención de Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-11-29) Santiago Cordini, NicolásThis article examines organized crime from a conceptual perspective, aiming to determine its existence and clarify its nature. The central hypothesis suggests that Argentina, like other countries, experiences delays in fulfilling international obligations, continuing to operate with previous concepts. The research uses a qualitative methodology, employing a comparative content analysis. The first section reviews the normative foundations established by the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), emphasizing its role in shaping global policies. Subsequently, the Argentine legal framework is analyzed, focusing on the crime of " criminal association," and compared with the UNTOC's definitions and principles. This analysis reveals both congruences and divergences in the conceptualization of organized crime. Additionally, the proposed Anti-Mafia Law in Argentina is examined, evaluating its potential effectiveness in strengthening the legal framework to combat organized crime. The results highlight Argentina's efforts to adopt a more politically efficient concept than “criminal association," aligning with international standards.Ítem Texto completo enlazado El efecto del perjuicio económico extrapolado y su relación con el gasto no financiero total, el déficit fiscal, y la deuda pública en Perú (2014-2019, 2021-2023)(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-11-29) Flores Coapaza, Paul AlexandroThis study examines the extrapolated economic damage and its relationship with total non-financial expenditure, fiscal deficit, and public debt in Peru between 2014-2019 and 2021-2023. It explores the conceptual and empirical relationship between public corruption and fiscal sustainability. Subsequently, the calculation of extrapolated economic damage within the National Government is detailed, providing an approximate figure of the economic losses caused by corruption and the impact on public assets. Next, an analysis of the relationship between total non-financial expenditure, fiscal deficit, and public debt with extrapolated economic damage in Peru from 2014-2019 and 2021-2023 is presented, broken down into three main aspects: (i) the relationship between the government’s total non-financial expenditure and extrapolated economic damage during the period; (ii) the relationship between the economic results of non-financial public sector operations and extrapolated economic damage; and (iii) the relationship between the balance of non-financial public sector debt and extrapolated economic damage. These indications highlight the inherent complexity of fiscal dynamics, requiring the inclusion of a broader set of variables and greater data accuracy to fully capture the multifaceted effects of public corruption on fiscal sustainability. This aligns with empirical evidence suggesting its influence, while emphasizing the need for more rigorous and nuanced analytical approaches to better understand the interaction.Ítem Texto completo enlazado Corrupción en las cárceles chilenas y sus predictores desde las personas encarceladas(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-11-29) Sanhueza, Guillermo E.Although corruption within prisons is not necessarily a new phenomenon, this article offers, through quantitative data from a survey (MQPL questionnaire adapted to Chile) applied in 2022 in 20 Chilean prisons (n = 1,159), an empirical view of it from the perspective of incarcerated individuals and offers an exploration of its predictive factors. The perception of corruption was operationalized through the dependent variable “in this prison things move with money”, which was modeled through multiple linear regression, where various predictors were incorporated into the model, which was able to explain 32.5% of the variation in the perception of corruption. The independent variables negatively associated with corruption were the perception of good functioning of the prison, the existence of clear rules within the prison, the perception of receiving fair treatment and respect for rights and living in a concessioned prison (privately operated facility). On the other hand, the predictors directly associated with a perception of greater corruption were the perception of a tense atmosphere in prison, abuse towards weaker inmates, and the perception of fear for one's own physical integrity. Implications of the findings are discussed to improve prisons.