Browsing by Author "Ramírez Bullón, Javier Ernesto"

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    La adaptación del Perú ante el ascenso de China a inicios del siglo XXI: entre el pragmatismo y la aquiescencia
    (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021-11-16) Ramírez Bullón, Javier Ernesto
    This paper seeks to describe and explain the character of Peruvian foreign policy towards China during the early 21st century. From a historical perspective focused on the role of internal factors, the analysis identifies the main governmental and nonstate actors that shape the China-Peru relation in three key dimensions: political/diplomatic, economic/ commercial, and military/strategic. Furthermore, shows how these aspects interrelate each other to shape the structure and the political process behind the adaptation of Peru to the rise of China. The study ends with some final thoughts on the benefits and vulnerabilities of maintaining a pragmatic approach to China. In this sense, the findings recognizes that one of the virtues of pragmatism is the construction of a flexible foreign policy, capable of diversify alliances with multiple great powers. However, the analysis also warns of the need to understand how the national interests of Peru are constructed vis-à-vis China, since the pragmatic proximity can hide an acquiescent international attitude.
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    Fuerzas sistémicas en la construcción del orden regional sudamericano: El rol de la hegemonía estadounidense
    (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017) Ayala Castiblanco, Lizeth Vanessa; Ramírez Bullón, Javier Ernesto
    The creation of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur) in 2008 seemed to encourage the formation of an alternative regional order to the inter-American system led by the United States. This project emerged in a context characterized by the failure of the FTAA, Brazil's international projection and the strength of South American countries to face the global economic crisis. Such conditions led to the diffusion of post-hegemonic readings to understand the regionalization of South America. Nowadays, however, the quest for regional autonomy is limited both by domestic and regional factors and by systemic forces involved in shaping new regional orders.As part of its nearest influence zone, United States has vital interests in South America that may collide with projects of regional autonomy. Given this context, it is necessary to review how the US hegemony has evolved in the region and how it interrelates with the construction of a South American order. For this purpose, this research will analyze the changes occurred during the presence of the United States in the region at economic, military, political and ideological level. Using a historical perspective, the study finds partial hegemonic declining tendencies that allow a greater agency capacity for the formation of a South American order. However, recent data shows that US economic and military primacy continues to be projected through its major regional partners, questioning the hypothesis of a significant decline in its hegemony.
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    La legitimación del libre comercio en la política exterior peruana : del TLC con Estados Unidos al surgimiento de la Alianza del Pacífico
    (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018-07-04) Ramírez Bullón, Javier Ernesto; Alcalde Cardoza, Javier Gonzalo
    La inserción económica del Perú en el mundo tiene una dimensión política que suele ser omitida. Sin duda, la implementación del Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) con Estados Unidos (2009) tuvo causas y consecuencias que exceden lo estrictamente comercial. Un proceso de similar alcance es la participación del Perú en la Alianza del Pacífico (2011), ya que evidencia la importancia del libre comercio en la política exterior peruana de integración regional. Tales procesos buscan acercar al Perú a distintas cadenas de producción mundial, sin embargo, sus principios y repercusiones comparten puntos en común. A partir del análisis de ambas coyunturas, esta investigación busca comprender las causas y consecuencias de la legitimación del libre comercio en la política exterior peruana de integración regional. El estudio sigue una perspectiva neogramsciana, la cual investiga la interrelación de tres variables principales: ideas, instituciones y capacidades materiales. Desde esta óptica, se propone que tanto la suscripción del TLC con Estados Unidos como la creación de la Alianza del Pacífico son coyunturas críticas que redefinen la política exterior peruana. Dicho proceso es impulsado por coaliciones aperturistas, instituciones de política exterior y mecanismos de legitimación del libre comercio que dan forma a una estructura hegemónica en constante cambio